solutions

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seven solutions second edition

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Amazing Facts about Our Municipality • Halifax Regional Municipality (HRM) is one-tenth of Nova Scotia’s total area. • HRM is almost exactly the same size as Prince Edward Island. • HRM’s population in 2011 was 390,096. • HRM accounts for 42.3 per cent of the population of Nova Scotia. • Looking at urban, suburban and commutershed settlement in HRM, a density of 10.45 persons per hectare was calculated. Greater London, England’s density is 49.8 persons per hectare, New York City’s density is 104.3 persons per hectare and the City of Winnipeg’s density is 14.3 persons per hectare. • 59 per cent of HRM’s household trash is either composted or recycled. • In 2012, MoneySense Magazine ranked Halifax the fourth best place to live in Canada. • HRM is responsible for 46 per cent of the provincial economy. • HRM’s operating budget for 2012-13 is $788.8 million, up 3.9 per cent from the 2011-12 budget. • In addition to the operating budget, HRM has a project budget of $131.6 million. • 67 per cent of the working-age population of Halifax (25 to 64 years of age) have trade, college or university qualifications – one of the top five cities in Canada.

Growth Funds Itself

Use Greenbelting

Improve AT and Transit

Meet Growth Targets

Invest in Centres

Protect Water

Measure Success

MAP DESIGN: Sylvia Dove

To join the Alliance: [email protected] (902) 429-0924

Book Design: Final Impressions Graphic Design & Production Inc.

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About the Our HRM Alliance The Our HRM Alliance: Comprised of 40 member organizations – and growing – the Alliance represents urban, suburban and rural interests. Multiple sectors are represented, including business, environment, recreation and health. How Our Seven Solutions came about: At a meeting held in November 2010, 15 community organizations agreed that the first fiveyear review of the Regional Municipal Planning Strategy (RMPS) offered an opportunity to make the Municipality a healthier and more liveable “community of communities”. Under the organizational efforts of the Ecology Action Centre, St. Margaret’s Bay Stewardship Association, Sackville Rivers Association, FUSION Halifax, Downtown Halifax Business Commission and Five Bridges Wilderness Heritage Trust, the Alliance has grown to its current membership. After numerous meetings, dialogue, correspondence and research, a consensus formed around seven recommended solutions – a way forward for the Municipality. While these seven principles are clear, continued feedback is welcome. Current members: Beechville, Lakeside, Timberlea Trail Canada Green Building Council – Atlantic Chapter Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society, Nova Scotia Chapter Canoe Kayak Nova Scotia Chezzetcook - Musquodoboit Trail Association Citizens’ Climate Lobby – Halifax Coastal Communities Network Cole Harbour Parks and Trails Association Community Coalition to End Poverty in Nova Scotia Dalhousie Office of Sustainability Downtown Dartmouth Business Commission Downtown Halifax Business Commission Eastern Shore Forest Watch

Ecology Action Centre

North End Business Association

Five Bridges Wilderness Heritage Trust

North End Community Health Centre

Friends of Hemlock Ravine

Preston and Area Trails Association

FUSION Halifax GPI Atlantic Halifax Field Naturalists Halifax North West Trails Association Halifax Regional Trails Association Halifax Urban Greenway Association Happily Ever Active Association Heart and Stroke Foundation of Nova Scotia Hike Nova Scotia Main Street Dartmouth and Area Business Improvement Association McIntosh Run Watershed Association

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Quinpool Road Mainstreet District Association Sackville Business Association Sackville Rivers Association Save the Bedford Basin Reef Shubenacadie Watershed Environmental Protection Society Spring Garden Area Business Association St. Margaret’s Bay Stewardship Association Williams Lake Conservation Company Woodens River Watershed Environmental Organization YWCA – Halifax

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Use greenbelting to concentrate growth and preserve natural areas and eco-services Purpose: To provide a physical representation of areas where growth should be encouraged, and areas where human development should be restricted. Using greenbelting can help maintain natural areas for wildlife, public access, and the vital services that ecosystems perform while allowing low-impact development in the right places. Details: The Alliance has developed four interlocking zones with accompanying policies (visit www.ourhrmalliance.ca for maps). This solution is based on HRM’s existing Open Space Network, and is inspired by best practice examples from other municipalities. The four zones are: 1. Protected areas and natural corridors T his zone links “protected areas” and “natural corridors” designated for wildlife and recreation. Here, the natural state takes precedence over development. 2. Natural resources and agriculture G reenbelting protects land for the continuation of forestry, farming, fishing and mining rather than allowing residential or commercial development. 3. Rural communities and Coastal Management Area P rotecting the rural and coastal lifestyles that define Nova Scotia, this zone uses HRM’s Community Visioning to set boundaries for growth centres. HRM should also designate and enforce a Coastal Management Area. 4. Regional Centre and suburban growth centres T o reach sufficient densities, growth must be channelled to already-serviced areas where green spaces, urban agriculture and sustainable building practices are encouraged. Where else this is done: The Province of Québec recently committed $60 million for greenbelts around Montréal and Québec City. Victoria, BC and the Capital Regional District have implemented a Sea to Sea Green Blue Belt. Southern Ontario’s 1.8 million acre greenbelt encompasses protected lands, agricultural lands and hundreds of communities. Related facts: • The 709,000 planted and natural street trees in urban HRM contribute $44.2 million in annual benefits through energy conservation, CO2 reduction, air quality improvement, stormwater control and property value increase. • P rovincial Wilderness Areas cover 10.6 per cent of HRM (58,243 hectares) • H RM’s RMPS proposes six new Regional Parks. • P lans for a greenbelt are described in the Old Testament (Numbers 35:1-5). In the seventh century, the Prophet Muhammad was reported to have established a 12-mile-wide greenbelt around the City of Medina (in present day Saudi Arabia). • G ermany, England, Poland, Denmark, the U.S. and Brazil all have “greenbelts”. 4

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Invest in the downtown core and growth centres Purpose: To increase density and affordable living options in already-serviced areas, especially in Halifax and Dartmouth. This makes use of existing infrastructure, and revitalizes existing built-up areas. Town centres of communities identified as having growth area potential should also be targeted for investment to ensure they are complete communities. Revitalizing downtowns creates more liveable, walkable neighbourhoods where people live, work and play and where the arts and business communities can flourish. Details: The Alliance echoes the Greater Halifax Partnership’s call for an investment from all three levels of government of $50 million over five years in the Regional Centre. HRM should also take the lead on an investment of $20 million over five years in growth centres. The Municipality, businesses and individuals all benefit from investment in complete communities that follow smart growth principles. Where else this is done: A report entitled “Canada’s Hub Cities: A Driving Force of the National Economy” commissioned by The Conference Board of Canada argues that investment in a few critical cities across the nation will in turn boost the economic outlook of the surrounding region. Halifax and eight other cities, including Montréal, Vancouver and Winnipeg, are considered to be these key hubs. Vancouver, Toronto and Edmonton all recognize the benefits of communities that have a variety of transportation options, encourage a mix of residential and commercial uses and invest in existing schools. The Main Street program of the Canada Heritage Foundation addressed the vital role that the cores of existing small communities play in the development of an area. Related facts: • I n Halifax, 70 per cent of jobs are within five kilometres of City Hall. • There are 50 “growth centres” identified in HRM’s Regional Municipal Planning Strategy. • Retail vacancy rates in “Power Centres” like Bayers Lake and Dartmouth Crossing are 1.6 per cent and 4 per cent, respectively. “Storefront” retail vacancy rates on places like Spring Garden Road and Barrington Street are 10.1 per cent. • HRM is selling property in Burnside Business Park for $5 per square foot; it recently sold two parking lots on Clyde Street in Downtown Halifax for $185 per square foot. • According to a study commissioned by the International Downtown Association, HRM will invest $34 million in its downtown between 2000 and 2014 – almost twothirds of which will pay for the new Central Library. Over four years, Fredericton, NB invested $84 million in its downtown. In the past 13 years, Saskatoon, SK invested $94 million and London, ON invested $174 million in their downtowns. 5

THREE

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Prioritize investment in transit and active transportation Purpose: To increase the provision of reliable, affordable and safe multi-modal mobility options. This will give both drivers and non-drivers, citizens with limited incomes, youth and older adults alternatives for getting around. Details: The original recommendation from the Alliance called for the Municipality to invest 60 per cent of its transportation spending on transit, 15 per cent on active transportation (AT) and 25 per cent on roads. The Alliance maintains that transit and active transportation must play more central roles in how the Municipality approaches mobility, but recognizes that this breakdown is inadequate. The Alliance asks the Municipality to prioritize the Big Ideas for AT in HRM and the Five Big Moves for Transit. They both should be included as line items in HRM’s budget for the next five years and have action plans in place to facilitate completion. The Alliance suggests that the Road Network Functional Plan be determined by a new vision for multi-modal mobility rather than by the continuation of historic patterns of auto-dependency. Fuel prices nearing $1.50 per litre should provide incentive to realize this vision. The new vision may include commuter rail, a rewrite of Metro Transit’s service standards, a more exhaustive ferry system, a network of bike lanes and further development of Park & Ride/Walk lots. Where else this is done: Calgary, Montréal, Berlin, Copenhagen, and Curitiba are leaders in providing alternatives to car-based transportation systems. Portland, Oregon makes inter-modal considerations part of all new roadway construction and dedicates one per cent of the highway funding it receives from the State to the development of bikeways and walkways. Related facts: • In HRM, using transit rather than a private automobile saves $6,500 per year. • Metro Transit’s operating budget for 2012-13 is almost $101.5 million. • HRM will spend $175.25 per person on transit in 2012-13. • HRM’s Department of Transportation and Public Works has an operating budget of almost $138.4 million for 2012-13, including: -$  11.1 million for “Traffic & Transportation” (transportation and rights of way services, traffic signs, street lighting and traffic lights) -$  6.7 million for “Streets & Roads” (street cleaning and maintenance) -$  2.2 million for sidewalk maintenance -$  17.9 million for ice control and snow removal ($12.2 million for roads and streets; $5.7 million for sidewalks). • Metro Transit travels 17 million km a year, averaging 52,500 km per weekday. • Effective transit requires a residential density of 37 units per hectare.

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Related facts continued... • Metro Transit can be compared to the Victoria Regional Transit System in BC. The cities are of comparable population and geography. All figures from 2010-11: Measures HRM’s Metro Transit Victoria Regional Transit Number of vehicles in fleet 298 buses, 32 Access- 285 conventional buses a-Buses, and 3 ferries and 53 custom vehicles Operating budget for 2010-11 $74.8 million $99.6 million Fare box revenue $31.3 million $34.8 million Number of passengers 23.9 million passengers* 25.3 million served annually Numbers of hours in 756,200 hours 801,971 hours conventional bus service Number of total passengers per service hour 29.19 passengers* 32.03 passengers Conventional bus operating $86.65 $93.68 cost per service hour Overall operating cost $3.13* $2.92 per passenger Park & Ride lots 13 4 * Includes conventional bus, ferry and Access-a-Bus passengers. Discrepancy in passengers carried as listed by Metro Transit and by the Department of Transportation and Public Works (TPW), used TPW figure.

• HRM is responsible for 1,785 km of roads, 850 km of sidewalks, 87 km of bike lanes and 11 km of wide curb lanes for shared use. • The average commute time in HRM is 65 minutes per day. • In 2001, 41 per cent of residents who lived in the Urban Core and worked in the Capital District walked to work. In 2006, considering all areas of HRM, 10.1 per cent of residents walked to work and 11.9 per cent used public transit. While 75.7 per cent commuted by vehicle, 10.6 per cent of those carpooled. • The cost of constructing one kilometre of a new 4-lane highway is $6 million; the cost of twinning one kilometre of highway is $3 million; and the cost of building one kilometre of a new 2-lane, 100-Series highway is $3.5 million. • The cost of building one kilometre of sidewalk is $135,000; bike lanes cost $500,000 per kilometre. • HRM has had a salt-water ferry since 1752 – North America’s oldest. • The Copenhagen City of Cyclists Bicycle Account 2010 calculated a net social benefit equivalent to $0.22 per kilometre when travelled by bicycle. This is in contrast to a net social loss of $0.12 per kilometre when travelled by vehicle.

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FOUR

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Adhere to residential growth targets Purpose: To ensure HRM meets their agreed-upon residential growth targets of 25 per cent urban, 50 per cent suburban and 25 per cent rural as outlined in the 2006 Regional Municipal Planning Strategy. For the financial and environmental sustainability of the Municipality, these targets should be revisited and strengthened. Concentrating growth in already built-up areas decreases servicing costs and maintains green areas. Details: HRM requires a 15-year supply of serviced lands to accommodate growth – it should define a minimum density for development and promote infill on opportunity sites. Density should be achieved using low-impact development that avoids the destruction of sensitive ecosystems. HRM should have a stricter policy to only maintain, rather than extend, water and sewer lines. A Housing Affordability Function Plan would help ensure new units are available at prices accessible to a variety of income levels. Council committed to this plan in the RMPS, but it has yet to be realized. Where else this is done: The Capital Regional District of British Colombia, which includes Victoria, enacted a strict urban containment boundary calling for 90 per cent of all growth to occur within the boundary. The seventeen municipalities that fall within the boundary have adhered to this target. The city of Saint John, New Brunswick has set an even stricter target, with 95 per cent of growth set to occur within its Primary Development Area. Related facts: • B etween 2006 and 2011, HRM’s residential growth rates were 16 per cent urban, 56 per cent suburban and 28 per cent rural. • H RM has enough available suburban land to handle growth for up to 30 years, even under the most optimistic growth scenario. • A s of 2009, HRM expected 32,500 people to settle in the suburbs through 2026. The Municipality had enough land available for 77,000 to 108,000 people – this is 2.4 to 3.3 times what was needed. Even with the predicted increase in residents due to the Irving Shipbuilding contract, the supply of land is still abundant. • T he average cost of a home in metro Halifax is $259,000. This amount could buy a new split entry home in Beaverbank, a 12-year-old house in Clayton Park, a 50-year-old 1½ storey house on the Peninsula, an 11-year-old townhouse in Dartmouth, or a 21-year-old semi-detached house in Bedford. • The RMPS identified 48 opportunity sites larger than 2,000 metres2 in downtown Halifax or Dartmouth, or along a transportation corridor. An opportunity site is serviced with water, sewer, and transit. • I n 1990, Purdy’s Wharf Office Towers were completed. No office buildings have been completed in Downtown Halifax in the 22 years since. • I n the last four years, 96 per cent of new office space was built in the suburbs. • H igher urban densities mean lower per capita fuel use. 8

5 FIVE

Evaluate development charges to ensure that the Municipality is not burdened by growth Purpose: To assess whether the financial tools applied by HRM are optimally recovering costs related to growth. The Municipality incurs these costs by providing both hard services, like roads and pipes; and soft services, like transit, policing, fire departments, libraries and recreation centres. Details: While HRM charges region-wide Capital Cost Contributions for wastewater treatment plants and landfill sites, other charges are applied only to certain areas. The result is that at present, existing taxpayers subsidize new developments and their servicing. The Alliance feels more equity is desirable, but first HRM must know more about who is paying for what and what the actual servicing costs are. Where else this is done: Across Canada, certain municipalities charge up to $25,000 per lot to cover servicing costs. For example, Mississauga, Ontario applies charges for development by category of building type. Winnipeg, Manitoba looks at an 80-year cycle for recovering costs related to development. Similar practices should be standard in HRM. Related facts: • H RM charges $2,250 per modest single detached unit in “infrastructure charges”, which is one of the lowest rates for modest units charged in 21 cities across Canada. The highest “infrastructure charges” for modest units are in Surrey, British Colombia at $38,060 per single detached unit, and Vaughn, Ontario at $35,371 per single detached unit. The average among the 21 cities across Canada is $12,439 per single detached unit. • It costs HRM $1,446 per year to service high-density urban units (92 people/acre). • It costs $3,897 per year to service low-density suburban units (16 people/acre).

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SI X

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Protect water resources Purpose: To protect the health of the water resources in HRM, which include groundwater, lakes, rivers, streams, wetlands, harbours and the coast. Details: The Alliance expects HRM to commit to the protection and restoration of its water resources for economic, environmental, social, cultural and health reasons. While other levels of government play a role in managing water resources, HRM must show leadership and put in place the necessary measures to protect our water. We suggest the following: • Incorporate coastal management into the RMPS by defining and mapping a Coastal Management Area. Create criteria to define areas that are too fragile or unsafe for development, and apply standards for how development should occur in appropriate areas. • Increase the required minimum riparian buffer width to 30 metres around all water bodies. Consider increasing vertical and horizontal setbacks in high-risk areas. Ensure resources are allocated for adequate enforcement of all buffer and setback regulations. • Stop clear-cutting and strengthen regulations for permitted activities in Water Supply Areas. • Restrict direct discharge of stormwater into the natural environment. • Maintain pre-development hydrologic characteristics during land conversion. • Create a stormwater surcharge and offer incentives to property owners who reduce runoff. • Support and promote groundwater monitoring. • Restrict further infilling of coastal waters, including Halifax Harbour. • Complete a Masterplan for Halifax Harbour. • Develop climate change adaptation plans for all communities in HRM. Where else this is done: The State of Massachusetts has adopted a “Low-Impact Development” by-law to provide guidance for the planning of new and re-development projects. The by-law also regulates post-development stormwater runoff quality and quantity. In New Hampshire, the Shoreland Water Quality Protection Act takes measures to ensure that the State’s water quality is protected. Moncton, New Brunswick’s use of a vertical setback of 10.2 metres above sea level for new development emphasizes the responsibility municipalities have to provide adequate guidelines for coastal development. Related facts: • Freshwater lakes, rivers, and reservoirs make up 3.5 per cent of Nova Scotia’s total area. • Groundwater monitoring sites exist in four of the nine watersheds within HRM. • 68 per cent of lakes in the metro area are becoming eutrophic. • HRM has about as much coastline as The Netherlands, Sierra Leone, Guatemala or Belize at approximately 400 km. • HRM maintains 85 bridges.

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SEVEN

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Commit to measuring successes and deficiencies of actions identified in the RMPS Purpose: To develop targets to keep Council and HRM staff adhered to the action plans and timelines recommended by the updated RMPS. These targets must be taken seriously to ensure that HRM is a leader in sustainable development and liveable communities. Details: The Alliance suggests that HRM undertake annual internal evaluations. Every five years, a third-party evaluation should be carried out. The focus of the evaluations should be whether HRM is conforming to the timelines and goals it has committed to in the updated RMPS. Where else this is done: Metro Vancouver 2040 – Shaping our Future outlines a comprehensive internal monitoring system. In Toronto, the Living City Report Card is an excellent example of third-party monitoring. Related facts: • H RM only set one hard target in the Regional Municipal Planning Strategy – a breakdown of residential growth. It didn’t meet that target. • In the RMPS, HRM lists “number of volumes added per year [to the library collection]” as a measure of supporting leisure and life-long learning. • 70 per cent of HRM residents would like to hear from the Municipality at least once every three months on topics such as development projects, tax dollar spending and Council decisions. • Comparing HRM to the other 54 municipalities in Nova Scotia in 2011, the Atlantic Institute for Market Studies ranked it 12th in effectiveness (a measure of whether services and policies actually worked) and 24th in efficiency (a measure of how dollars are spent).

With the first five-year review of the Regional Municipal Planning Strategy, residents of HRM have the opportunity to make our Municipality even better. After all, it is our Plan and OUR HRM.

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Sources: Anstey, W. and Labrecque, M. (2010). Project 01341 – Cost of Servicing Study and Requests to Initiate Secondary Planning Strategies (Community Plan Amendment Requests). Presented to the HRM Committee of the Whole on November 16, 2010. Retrieved from www.halifax.ca/council/agendasc/documents/101116cow3-001.pdf on February 22, 2012. BC Transit. (2011). Fast Facts Victoria Regional Transit System, Year End March 31, 2011. Retrieved from http://bctransit.com/ corporate/partnership/fast_facts_vic.cfm on April 17, 2012. Brender, N. and Lefebvre, M. (2006). Canada’s Hub Cities: A Driving Force of the National Economy. Retrieved from on www. conferenceboard.ca/e-Library/abstract.aspx?did=1730 on February 15, 2012. Canadian Urban Institute commissioned by the International Downtown Association. (2012). The Value of Investing in Canadian Downtowns. Pp. 30-31. Retrieved from www.canurb.com/story/2012/05/16/new-cui-report-value-investing-canadiandowntowns on May 17, 2012. Capital Regional District. (2012). Sea to Sea Green Blue Belt. Retrieved from www.crd.bc.ca/parks/reserves/seatosea.htm on February 15, 2012. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2012). The World Factbook: Coastline. Retrieved from www.cia.gov/library/publications/ the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html on February 21, 2012. Church, J. (2012). HRM Legislative Requests Strategy. Information Item. Presented to the HRM Community Planning and Economic Development Standing Committee on February 9, 2012. Retrieved from http://halifax.ca/boardscom/documents/ InfoItemtwo.pdf on February 21, 2012. City of Copenhagen. (2010). Copenhagen City of Cyclists Bicycle Account 2010. Retrieved from www.sfbike.org/download/ copenhagen/bicycle_account_2010.pdf on April 3, 2012. City of Moncton. (2011). Zoning By-law Z-202: 2.18.4 Minimum geodetic elevation. Retrieved from www.gmpdc.ca/webcura/ files/778.pdf on April 17, 2012. City of Portland Bureau of Transportation. (2010). Portland Bicycle Plan for 2030, Appendix F: Past, present and future funding. Pp. F-2. Retrieved from ftp://ftp02.portlandoregon.gov/PBOT/Bicycle_Plan_for_2030/Plan_Documents/Complete_Plan/ Portland_Bicycle_Plan_for_2030_as-adopted.pdf on February 21, 2012. City of Winnipeg. (2004). Waverley West, Proposed Plan Winnipeg Amendment, City of Winnipeg Financial Impact Analysis. Retrieved from http://winnipeg.ca/interhom/WaverleyWest/WaverleyWestFinancialAnalysis.pdf on February 20, 2012. Colliers International. (2012). Fall 2011 Retail, Real Estate Report: Halifax, Nova Scotia. Retrieved from www.collierscanada. com/en/~/media/Files/Research/2011/Halifax%20Retail%20Real%20Estate%20Report%202011%20Q4.ashx on February 20, 2012. Curran, D. et al. (2011). Sustainability in the Capital Regional District: Sustainable Systems and their implementation through the Regional Sustainability Strategy. Pp. 11. Destination Halifax. (2012). Facts. Retrieved from www.destinationhalifax.com/trivia on February 14, 2012. Dunphy, P., Townsend, P. and O’Toole, C. (2009). Project 01341 – Cost of Servicing Study and Requests to Initiate Secondary Planning Strategies (Community Plan Amendment Requests). Presented to the HRM Regional Plan Advisory Committee on October 21, 2009. Retrieved from www.halifax.ca/council/agendasc/documents/101116cow3-217.pdf on February 21, 2012. Federation of Canadian Municipalities Green Municipal Fund. (2009). Getting to 50% and Beyond: Waste Diversion Success Stories from Canadian Municipalities. Retrieved from http://gmf.fcm.ca/files/Capacity_Building_-_Waste/WasteDiversionEN.pdf on April 4, 2012. Freedman, L. and Rottenberg-Walker, C. (2011). Planning in the Absence of Traditional Growth: The Story of Saint John, New Brunswick. Plan Canada. Vol. 51. No. 4. Pp. 21. Friends of the Greenbelt Foundation. (2011). Global Greenbelts Conference: Local Solutions to Global Challenges. March 22-24, 2011. Retrieved from www.globalgreenbeltsconference.ca/Program-Speakers on April 16, 2012. Goodman, J. et al. (2005). Curitiba’s Bus System is a Model for Rapid Transit. Retrieved from http://urbanhabitat.org/ node/344 on April 16, 2012. Greater Halifax Partnership. (2011). A Greater Halifax: Economic Strategy 2011-2016. Retrieved from www.greaterhalifax. com/site-ghp2/media/greaterhalifax/AGREATERHalifax_Halifax_Economic_Strategy_2011-16.pdf on February 15, 2012. Greater Halifax Partnership. (2011). Halifax Quick Facts, 2011. Pp. 2. Retrieved from www.greaterhalifax.com/site-ghp2/media/greaterhalifax/Halifax%20Quick%20Facts%202011.pdf on February 22, 2012. Greening Greater Toronto and Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. (2011). The Living City Report Card 2011: An assessment of the environmental health of the Greater Toronto Area. Retrieved from www.thelivingcity.org/lcrc/LivingCityReportCard_web_r1.pdf February 15, 2012. Halifax Regional Municipality. (2001). Active Transportation. Retrieved from www.halifax.ca/TDM/activetransportation/ on April 13, 2012.

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Halifax Regional Municipality. (2010). 2010 Citizen Survey Results, Governance and Communications. Retrieved from www. halifax.ca/CitizenSurvey/2010Results.html#GovComms on February 23, 2012. Halifax Regional Municipality. (2010). Infrastructure Management. Retrieved from www.halifax.ca/designcon/cons/infra.html on February 14, 2012. Halifax Regional Municipality. (2011). Transportation and Public Works 2011/12 Business Plans and Budget (Approved). Retrieved from http://halifax.ca/budget/documents/16.TPW.pdf on February 16, 2012. Halifax Regional Municipality. (2012). 2012-13 Proposed Budgets. Retrieved from www.halifax.ca/budget/index.html on April 4, 2012. Halifax Regional Municipality. (2012). Cycling in HRM. Retrieved from www.halifax.ca/cycling/ on February 15, 2012. Halifax Regional Municipality. (2012). Urban Forest Master Plan, Second Draft, April 2012. Pp. 13. Retrieved from http://www. halifax.ca/RealPropertyPlanning/UFMP/documents/HRM_UrbanForestMasterPlan_SecondDraft2.pdf on April 30, 2012. Halifax Regional Municipality – Metro Transit. (2011). Metro Transit 2011/12 Annual Service Plan. Pp. 3-4. Retrieved from www.halifax.ca/metrotransit/news/documents/2011-12_AnnualServicePlan.pdf on April 18, 2012. Halifax Regional Municipality – Regional Planning. (2005). Settlement Pattern with Form Service Cost Analysis. Pp. 13. Retrieved from www.halifax.ca/regionalplanning/publications/documents/PatternBookVol2Apr05.pdf on February 22, 2012. Halifax Regional Municipality – Regional Planning. (2006). Regional Municipal Planning Strategy. Retrieved from http:// halifax.ca/regionalplanning/documents/Regional_MPS.pdf on May 1, 2010. Hemson Consulting Ltd. prepared for the City of Mississauga. (2009). Development Charges: Background Study (Revised). Retrieved from www.mississauga.ca/file/COM/DCBackgroundStudyRevised09.pdf on November 26, 2011. Heritage Canada Foundation for Saskatchewan Tourism, Parks, Culture and Sport. (2009). The Main Street Program: Past and Present. Retrieved from www.tpcs.gov.sk.ca/MSProgramHCF on February 15, 2012. HRM Planning Services. (2011). The Regional Plan 5 Year Review and the HRMbyDesign Centre Plan. Presented to the HRM Community Planning and Economic Development Standing Committee on August 11, 2011. Retrieved from www.halifax.ca/ boardscom/SCcped/documents/PresentationAug11RPReview.pdf on February 21, 2012. IBI Group prepared for Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC). (2010). Research Report: Examination into Government Imposed Charges on New Housing Construction. Retrieved from www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/corp/li/horetore/upload/ CHRVolume-18-Fall-2011_Oct25.pdf on February 22, 2012. IBI Group prepared for the Federation of Canadian Municipalities. (2008). Central Okanagan Smart Transit Plan: TransitSupportive Guidelines. Pp. 15. Retrieved from www.sustainablecommunities.ca/files/capacity_building_transportation/ smarttransitplan-transitsupgdlines-pub-e.pdf on April 16, 2012. IBI Group prepared for Halifax Regional Municipality. (2009). Metro Transit Five-Year Strategic Operations Plan – Taking Transit to the Next Level. Pp. 134. Retrieved from www.halifax.ca/metrotransit/documents/5yearStrategicOperationsPlan.pdf on February 15, 2012. Ibrahim, Ozdemir, Ph.D. (2002). An Islamic Approach to the Environment. Retrieved from www.islamawareness.net/Nature/ environment_approach.html#_ftn30 on April 16, 2012. Litman, T. (2011). Understanding Smart Growth Savings: What we know about public infrastructure and service cost savings, and how they are misrepresented by critics. Victoria Transport Policy Institute. Macdonald, A. (2012). Clyde Street set for redevelopment. Retrieved from www.allnovascotia.com/index.php? adate=2012-0213&fromSearch=true&pgget=1&action=searching on February 22, 2012. Marr Consulting and Communications Ltd. prepared for the City of Winnipeg. (2005). The City of Winnipeg Active Transportation Study. Retrieved from www.onegreencity.com/images/crucial/atfinalreportwpg.pdf on February 21, 2012. Metro Vancouver. (2011). Metro Vancouver 2040: Shaping Our Future. Retrieved from www.metrovancouver.org/ planning/ development/strategy/RGSDocs/RGSAdoptedbyGVRDBoardJuly292011.pdf on February 15, 2012. MoneySense. (2012). Canada’s Best Places to Live 2012. Retrieved from www.moneysense.ca/2012/03/20/canadas-bestplaces-to-live-2012/ on March 28, 2012. New Hampshire Department of Environment Services (2011). Shoreland Program Overview. Retrieved from http://des.nh.gov/ organization/divisions/water/wetlands/cspa/categories/overview.htm on April 16, 2012. Newman, J. and Audas, R. of Atlantic Institute for Market Studies (AIMS). (2011). 2nd Annual Nova Scotia Municipal Performance Report. Retrieved from www.aims.ca/site/media/aims/NSMPR2fullreport.pdf on February 23, 2012. Newman and Kenworthy. (1989). Cities and Automobile Dependence: An International Sourcebook. Avebury Technical: Great Britain.

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New York City Department of City Planning. (2010). Population, 2010 Census. Table PL-P5 NYC: Total Population and Persons Per Acre, 2000 and 2010. New York City and Boroughs. Retrieved from www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/census/demo_tables_2010.shtml on March 28, 2012. Nova Scotia Department of Transportation and Infrastructure Renewal. (2009). Highway Construction FAQ. Retrieved from http://gov.ns.ca/tran/highways/faq.asp on February 22, 2012. Office for National Statistics. (2012). Region and County Profiles (UK) – Key Statistics Tables – February 2012. Table 6: Local authority population and area, mid-2010. Retrieved from www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables. html?edition=tcm%3A77-242593 on March 29, 2012. Ontario Ministry of Infrastructure. (2011). Places to Grow: Better Choices, Brighter Future. Retrieved from www.placestogrow. ca/index.php on February 15, 2012. Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing. (2011). Greenbelt Protection. Retrieved from www.mah.gov.on.ca/Page187. aspx on February 15, 2012. Personal Communication with John Charles, Coordinator, Real Property Planning, Halifax Regional Municipality on January 26, 2012 and February 16, 2012. Personal Communication with Lori Patterson, Public Affairs, Transit Services, Metro Transit on January 26, 2012. Personal Communication with Paul MacKinnon, Executive Director of the Downtown Halifax Business Commission on February 22, 2012. Planning & Design Centre. (2011). The Planning & Design Centre Newsletter: Seek. Retrieved from http://pdcentre.ca/wpcontent/uploads/2011/07/Seek_005.pdf on February 22, 2012. Statistics Canada. (2005). Land and freshwater area, by province and territory. Retrieved from www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/ cst01/phys01-eng.htm on on March 12, 2012. Statistics Canada. (2012). 2011 Census Profile. Retrieved from www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/index-eng.cfm on February 14, 2012. Strategy Institute. (2012). 10th Annual Urban Transportation Summit. March 6-7, 2012. Retrieved from www.urbantransportation.ca/ on April 16, 2012. Toronto Board of Trade (2011). Toronto as a Global City: Scorecard on Prosperity – 2011. Pp. 46. Retrieved from www.bot. com/Content/NavigationMenu/Policy/Scorecard/Scorecard_2011_Final.pdf on February 15, 2012. Townsend. P. (2011). Lake Water Quality. Presented to the HRM Environment and Sustainability Standing Committee on March 3, 2011. Retrieved from www.halifax.ca/boardscom/swrac/documents/Info7LakeWaterQuality.pdf on February 16, 2012. Urban Metrics Inc. prepared for the Town of Markham. (2007). Economic Sectors Analysis. Page 40. Retrieved from www. markham.ca/wps/wcm/connect/7d30cb804576ce4d84d58e20a0e05b38/phase1finalreport.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=7 d30cb804576ce4d84d58e20a0e05b38 on February 16, 2012. U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of Planning, Environment and Realty. (2012). Transportation Enhancements Activities. Retrieved from www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/transportation_enhancements/ on February 15, 2012. Zaccagna, R. (2012). Colliers: Halifax retail vacancy rate lower than forecast. The Chronicle Herald Business. Retrieved from http://thechronicleherald.ca/business/62815-colliers-halifax-retail-vacancy-rate-lower-forecast on February 20, 2012.

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