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Preterite of meaning-change verbs
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In English The meaning of some verbs in the past becomes more ambiguous when a change of state (such as a beginning or an ending) is implied. To clarify what you want to say, you sometimes need to give more information (an adverb, for example) or you may even need to use a different verb. to know I knew it was true. (and had known for some time) (no change) Suddenly I knew it was true. = I found out it was true. (change) to be able My dad could do any math problem. (He was a wiz.) (no change) I couldn’t ever understand Greek. (no change) I wasn’t able to do this exercise. (So I gave up.) (change) to be I was at home all evening. (I spent time there.) (no change) My friends were here. (They stopped by.) (change) to want I always wanted to study pharmacy. (meant to) (no change) I asked you to help, but you didn’t want to. (change) (You refused to help.)
A
Read the sentence and circle the verb that approximates the meaning of the underlined verb. stopped by/spent time 1. Your mom was here, but I told her you were out. stopped by/spent time 2. He was in Spain during the school year. 3. Lisa wanted to buy tickets, but they were sold out. tried to/meant to 4. Ana wanted to look at the pictures, but she forgot. tried to/meant to 5. Mom knew about your job from talking to Lisa. found out/already knew 6. Dad knew about the ticket; I didn’t have to tell him. found out/already knew
In Spanish Verb tense is often used to express differences in meaning when referring to states in the past with verbs such as estar, poder, tener (que), conocer, saber, querer. Verb preterite meaning imperfect meaning estar was there for defined period was there for undefined period poder was able to and did could possibly tener had, got, received had (in one’s possession) tener que had to and did had to but didn’t necessarily do it conocer met knew saber found out knew no querer would not, refused didn’t want to Pedro estuvo en Madrid por dos días. Fue a visitar a Nina, pero no estaba. Los gemelos no quisieron dormir. No querían tomar el examen.
Pedro was in Madrid for two days. He went to visit Nina, but she wasn’t there. The twins wouldn’t go to sleep. They didn’t want to take the test.
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Nombre
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Fecha CAPÍTULO
7
PRETERITE OF MEANING-CHANGE VERBS
B
Read the sentence and circle the verb phrase that approximates the meaning of the underlined verb. 1. Por fin pudimos asimilar las costumbres. were able to and did /could possibly 2. Ella no quería discriminar, pero lo hizo. didn’t want to/refused to
C
3. Elena podía quedarse, pero se fue.
was able to and did/could possibly
4. Mis antepasados tenían mucho orgullo.
had/received
5. No quise asimilarme a la cultura.
didn’t want to/refused to
6. Lola estuvo aquí buscándote.
stopped by/spent time
7. Lo invité al cine pero no quiso ir.
didn’t want to/refused to
Circle the correct form of the verb to complete each sentence. 1. Alicia no (supo/sabía) expresarse en inglés. 2. Ayer (conocí/conocía) a una mujer de Colombia. 3. Toda su familia (pudo/podía) viajar a Perú para asistir a la boda de Ana. 4. Yo (pude/podía) mantener mi idioma materno, pero no me era importante. 5. Mi novio no (quiso/quería) apoyarme; (tuve/tenía) que hacerlo todo yo sola. 6. Poco a poco, mis amigos (supieron/sabían) más de su herencia. 7. Ayer (tuve/tenía) una carta de mis abuelos en España.
D
For each verb, write one sentence with the preterite and one with the imperfect. 1. estar __________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 2. poder _________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 3. tener __________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________
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7
Grammatical reflexives
In English Some verbs can be used reflexively. The action is directed back on the subject and a reflexive pronoun is used. The reflexive pronouns are: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves. Joanne taught herself Portuguese. Sometimes these pronouns do not reflect the action back on the subject, but rather modify a noun or another pronoun to add emphasis. In this case, they are known as intensive pronouns. I wrote the lab report myself.
A
Underline the pronoun in each sentence. Then check the appropriate column to indicate whether it is reflexive (R) or intensive (I). R
I
✓
1. The workers want to run the company themselves. 2. Robert saw himself on television. 3. I think you take yourself too seriously. 4. I myself have never given up on a challenge. 5. We are going to teach ourselves English. 6. Patrick did all of the work himself.
In Spanish Many verbs can be used reflexively. The action is directed back on the subject and a reflexive pronoun is used. Susana se bañó anoche. Susana bathed (herself) last night. Some verbs use reflexive pronouns but the action is not reflected back on the subject. These are called grammatical reflexives. Some examples are: criarse, expresarse, graduarse, preocuparse, casarse, comunicarse, acostumbrarse, esforzarse, quedarse, mudarse, enojarse, quejarse, and burlarse. Ana se mudó tres veces este año. Ana moved three times this year. Mis padres se esforzaron para mantener nuestra herencia. My parents made great efforts to maintain our heritage. Grammatical reflexives often express a process or a change in state. Mi profesora se crió en este pueblo. (process) My teacher grew up in this town. Tomás se graduó de la universidad hace dos años. (change in state) Tomás graduated from college two years ago. Holt Spanish 3 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
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GRAMMATICAL REFLEXIVES
B
Underline the reflexive pronoun in each sentence. Then check the appropriate column to indicate whether it is a true reflexive (R) or grammatical reflexive (G). R G 1. Mis padres se enojan si me doy por vencido. ✓ 2. A Ángela le cuesta trabajo expresarse en inglés. 3. Yo me levanto temprano cuando tengo una entrevista. 4. Nosotros nos criamos en el campo. 5. A veces nos bañábamos en el río. 6. Fue difícil mudarnos a la ciudad. 7. Tú te preocupas mucho por tus notas. 8. Es bueno acostarte temprano cuando tienes clases.
C
Choose verbs from the box below to complete the following letter. Be sure to conjugate the verbs before writing them on the lines. quedarse preocuparse
mudarse establecerse
graduarse
criarse
enojarse
Querida abuela: Gracias por la carta y el regalo. Ya sabes que (1) de la universidad la semana pasada. El ceremonio estuvo hermoso. Ahora tengo la intención de (2) a un apartamento con unos amigos. No quiero (3) en el pueblito donde (4) . Tan pronto como encuentre un trabajo pienso irme. Mis padres me dicen que debo (5) en una carrera antes de buscar un apartamento. ¡Pero cuando dicen eso, yo (6) ! Ellos no me comprenden. Quiero luchar por mi independencia. Ellos (7) por mí, pero yo quiero mi libertad. ¿Qué piensas tú, abuela? Besos de tu nieto, Miguel
D
How are grammatical reflexive verbs reflexive? In meaning? In grammar? In both? Explain and support your ideas with examples.
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Subjunctive after adverbial conjunctions
In English Sometimes adverbial conjunctions are used to join the main clause and the subordinate clause. Some common conjunctions are: after, in case, in order that, so that, unless, and provided that. I’m going to travel for a while after I graduate. Adverbial conjunctions don’t call for the subjunctive mood unless they express a wish, command, or contrary-to-fact situation: I brought an umbrella in case it rains. (indicative) I wouldn’t let her drive unless I were sick. (subjunctive–contrary-to-fact) It’s all his provided that he use it wisely. (subjunctive–wish/command) Adverbial conjunctions are sometimes followed by modals such as will, would, may, might, can, or could: I study so that I can/will pass the exam. (modal)
A
Underline the adverbial conjunction in each sentence. Then, indicate whether it is followed by the indicative (I), the subjunctive (S), or a modal (M). 1. Ann arrived early so that you wouldn’t have to wait.
M
2. We have some money in case you need some. 3. I will drive provided that you look at the map. 4. You can’t go out unless you finish your homework. 5. Jasmine babysat so that her sister could go to the movies. 6. I will rent a movie unless you would like to go out. 7. We will do the dishes after you leave. 8. In case you need to reach me, I will take my cell phone. In Spanish Sometimes adverbial conjunctions also join the main clause to the subordinate clause. Some adverbial conjunctions are always followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood; among these are the conjunctions a menos (de) que, antes de que, con tal (de) que, en caso de que, para que and sin que. Miguel siempre logra sus metas a menos que las metas sean atléticas. Miguel always achieves his goals, unless his goals are athletic. En caso de que me necesiten, llamaré a mis padres. In case my parents need me, I’ll call them. Es importante seguir adelante para que triunfemos. It is important to move forward so that we may succeed.
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SUBJUNCTIVE AFTER ADVERBIAL CONJUNCTIONS
B
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In the following sentences, underline the adverbial conjunctions and circle the verb in the subordinate clause. 1. Quiero graduarme antes de que empiece el verano. 2. A menos que estudies, no vas a aprobar el examen. 3. Con tal de que trabaje mucho, Ana llegará a ser médica. 4. Elena siempre alcanza sus metas sin que nosotros la ayudemos. 5. En caso de que me necesites, estaré en mi oficina. 6. La profesora lee despacio para que podamos tomar apuntes. 7. Antes de que te vayas, quiero preguntarte algo. 8. Alcanzaré mis metas a menos que haya muchos obstáculos.
C
Complete the sentences below with ideas of your own. 1. Voy a sacar buenas notas para que mis papás... 2. Quiero salir de la casa antes de que mis hermanos... 3. Voy a estudiar en caso de que el profesor... 4. No iré de vacaciones sin que tú...
D
Translate the following sentences from English to Spanish. 1. I can’t understand the subjunctive without you helping me.
2. I can’t understand the subjunctive without studying.
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