Study Guide

Biology Honors

Name: _____________________________

Chapter 11 and 12 Question Set/Study Guide

Date: ________ Period: ____

1. Describe gene expression:

2. Why is it important for a cell to control gene expression?

3. Define genome:

4. Describe the process of gene expression:

5. Describe the work of Jacob and Monod:

6. Describe: A. Structural genes:

B. Promoter:

C. Operator:

7. Define operon:

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8. Explain why the first operon was named lac operon.

9. Describe repressor proteins:

10. Explain how lactose affects the functioning of the lac operon.

11. Diagram:

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12. Describe the function of transcription factors.

13. Why does lactose act as an inducer?

14. Describe three ways, in terms of DNA, that eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes. A.

B.

C.

15. Define euchromatin.

16. Define: A. Introns

B. Exons:

17. Use figure 11-3, page 221, to explain the steps from transcription to translation: 1.

2.

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3.

4.

18. Describe the function of transcription factors:

19. Define cell differentiation:

20. Describe morphogenesis:

21. Describe the function of homeotic genes:

22. Describe the role of regulatory proteins:

23. Describe what a homeobox is; include a description of its function.

24. Look at figure 11.5 and explain what occurred in the fly picture (b).

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25. Describe proto-oncogenes:

26. Describe oncogene:

27. Explain what can occur if an oncogene forms:

28. Define cancer:

29. Describe the role of tumor-suppressor genes:

30. Diagram:

31. Describe two ways that cancer cells behave differently than normal cells. A. B.

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32. Describe what happens when metastasis occurs:

Chapter 12 33. Describe what Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered about fruit fly chromosomes.

34. What are the sex chromosomes? What do they do? 35. (Review) – There are ___________ sex chromosomes and ____________ autosomes in a human cell.

36. Explain how (why) a baby becomes a male or a female.

37. Describe the function of the SRY gene.

38. Explain why T.H. Morgan did not find white-eyed female flies in the F2 generation when he crossed white-eyed males with red-eyed females.

39. Describe a “sex-linked trait”:

40. Explain why there are more X-linked traits than Y-linked traits.

41. Explain why genes are inherited together. Page 6 of 10

42. Define linked genes:

43. Explain how crossing-over affects genes.

44. What genes are: A. most likely to cross-over?

B. most likely to be inherited together? 45. Define a chromosome map:

46. Define a map unit:

47.Diagram:

48. Describe a germ-cell mutation:

49. Describe a somatic –cell mutation:

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50. Describe these types of chromosome mutations: A. DeletionB. InversionC. TranslocationD. Nondisjunction-

51. Describe the specific mutation that causes Down Syndrome:

52. Describe these gene mutations: A. Point mutationB. SubstitutionC. DeletionD. Insertion53. What is a frame-shift mutation?

54. Define a pedigree:

55. Define a carrier:

56. Which individual(s) in the pedigree below must be a carrier?

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57. Does a carrier show or express the trait?

58. Define and provide one example for each of the following: A. Polygenic traits-

B. Complex characters-

C. Multiple alleles-

D. Incomplete dominance-

E. X-linked traits-

F. Sex-influenced traits-

G. Single-allele traits-

59. Explain how an amniocentesis is performed:

60. Explain how a chorionic villi sampling is performed:

61. Use table 12-1 to provide examples of the patterns of inheritance. (Use all eight examples) A. Autosomal dominant-

B. Autosomal recessive-

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C. X-linked recessive-

63. Define PKU:

64. How are these genetic disorders treated? A. PKUB. Cystic fibrosisC. Hemophilia65. Describe gene therapy:

66. Is gene therapy a treatment or a cure?

67. Diagram:

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