2. Fill in the blanks regarding the process of protein synthesis: Many organelles are involved in the process of making protein. First the nucleolus makes ribosomes, which
PHYSIO | Cell Review Worksheet | Chapter 3 | KEY Cell Organelles 1. Use the word blank below to answer the following questions. Some words may be used more than once: Cytoskeleton Vesicle Nucleus Nucleolus rough ER Ribosome smooth ER Golgi apparatus (body) Mitochondria Vacuole Lysosome Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Chloroplast Cell wall Centrioles
exit through pores. The ribosomes then travel to the Rough ER. This is where ribosomes link amino acids to make protein. The protein then travels to the golgi apparatus, where the proteins are packaged into vesicles which can transport the proteins out of the cell by fusing with the cell membrane. Cell Membrane 3. Using the picture of the cell membrane, label the following: Carbohydrate chain, Protein, Protein Channel,
a. Label the cell parts:
Cholesterol, Cytoskeleton, Phospholipid (including all 3 major parts).
b. Which organelle creates the energy required by cells? Mitochondria
4. List a function of each type of molecule that is embedded in the phospholipid bilayer below:
c. Which organelles create proteins? Ribosomes
Molecule
d. Which organelles processes and sorts proteins? Golgi Apparatus (Body)
Cholesterol
Function Strengthens cell membrane
e. Which organelle contains digestive enzymes to break down foreign invaders? Lysosomes f. Which organelle is a network of fibers that criss‐cross to support a cell from the inside? Cytoskeleton g. Which organelle performs photosynthesis to make sugar? Chloroplast h. Which organelle is thought to help with cell division in animal cells? Centrioles i.
Which cell part is the internal fluid found in all cells? Cytoplasm
j.
Which organelle holds DNA and chromosomes? Nucleus
k. Which cell part is made of cellulose that provides rigid support? Cell Wall l.
Which organelle is studded with ribosomes and is often the site of protein synthesis? Rough ER
m. Which organelle breaks down alcohol, and can also break down and make lipids? Smooth ER n. Which organelle is responsible for making ribosomes? Nucleolus o. Which organelle carries materials from one part of the cell to another? Vesicle p. Which organelle is a sac filled with fluid inside a cell; it stores materials the cell needs? Vacuole
Proteins
Allow the passage of certain materials
Carbohydrate
Helps to identify the cell to other cells
5. What model have scientists developed to describe the arrangement of molecules that make up a cell membrane? The fluid mosaic model 6. Which part of a phospholipid is polar?
7. Which part of a phospholipid is nonpolar?
The head is polar
8. What do the terms, selective permeability and semi‐permeable, have to do with the cell membrane? These terms refer to the fact that the cell membrane allows some materials to move in and out of the membrane, but not all. Answer the following questions about chemical signals: 9. Ligands that cross the cell membrane, and bind within‐ bind to an intracellular receptor, while ligands that
The tails are nonpolar
bind in the cell membrane, bind to a membrane receptor.
Passive Transport
17. Label the following type of active transport and then explain what is happening in each picture:
10. Define concentration gradient: Difference in concentration from 1 area to another
Type of Active Transport: Endocytosis
11. What is passive transport (be sure to mention the concentration gradient)?
The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration – down the
concentration gradient, No energy is required for this to take place.
12. Fill in the table:
Types of Passive Transport Explanation Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
18. Label the following type of active transport and then explain what is happening in each picture:
Movement continues until equilibrium is reached. No energy is required.
Osmosis
until equilibrium is reached. No energy is required.
Facilitative Diffusion
Type of Active Transport: Exocytosis
Diffusion of water from an area of high to low concentration. Movement continues
Larger molecules enter/exit with the help of protein channels in the plasma
membrane. Movement continues until equilibrium is reached. No energy is required.
13. What might cause a molecule to move from the outside of the cell to the inside (with no energy)? Molecules would move from outside of the cell to the inside, if there was a higher concentration of molecules outside of the cell than inside the cell. This would cause the molecules to move down the concentration gradient – no energy required. This would happen in a hypotonic solution.
14. Label the type of solution each red blood cell is in. Draw dots to show where the solutes are (inside/outside of cell) and arrows on the cell to show the direction of osmosis.
DNA and RNA Comparison 19. Complete the following chart by comparing DNA, mRNA, and tRNA. Sample answers have been provided. DNA mRNA tRNA Molecule full name
Name of Sugar
Nitrogen bases present
Function
Active Transport 15. Define active transport (be sure to mention the concentration gradient): When molecules move from a LOW to
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine Stores genetic information.
Messenger ribonucleic acid
Transfer ribonucleic acid
Ribose
ribose
Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine
Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine
Copies the DNA and carries the code to a ribosome
Transfers an amino acid to a ribosome
a HIGH concentration, they are said to move against their concentration gradient. ATP (energy) is required.
20. For each statement write DNA, mRNA, or tRNA DNA Holds the original coded information for making proteins. DNA Can replicate itself (with the help of enzymes). mRNA Copies DNA’s coded message. tRNA Carries amino acids to the ribosome for assembly.
16. Compare/Contrast:
Deoxyribonucleic acid deoxyribose
DNA Found in the nucleus only. tRNA Found mostly in the cytoplasm. mRNA Found in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. mRNA Carries coded message to the ribosome.
Transcription 21. Pretend RNA polymerase has already separated the DNA strand below. Perform transcription and fill in the mRNA bases from the given DNA bases. Remember to replace T with U for RNA. 22. Following the rules of transcription, predict which DNA bases would have created the given mRNA bases. Remember that DNA has different bases than RNA.
26. Describe what is forming and happening in area B of the diagram (use best writing skills). tRNA are gathering the correct amino acids; soon they will be delivered to the ribosome in area C. 27. Describe what is being assembled and happening in area C of the diagram (use best writing skills). In area C, the ribosome is performing the process called translation. One by one, an amino acid is being delivered to the ribosome by the transfer RNA (Ribosome is insuring proper amino acid is delivered by matching the mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon). 28. Which mRNA codon will start the process of translation? AUG 29. Which amino acid does every protein begin with? Methionine
U U A G G C G A U C
A G C A T G G T A A
23. Following the rules of transcription, fill in the missing bases from the strands of DNA and RNA. C A A T A U A G C A 24. Examine #15. Is the top strand a segment of DNA or RNA? Explain your answer.
30. Which mRNA codons will end the process of translation? Stop codons: UAA, UAG, UGA 31. For each statement write either DNA helicase, DNA polymerase, or RNA polymerase: DNA polymerase RNA polymerase DNA helicase
DNA because Thymine (T) is present, not Uracil (U).
Transcription and Translation: Use the picture to answer questions 17‐19. 25. Describe what is forming and happening in area A of the diagram (use best writing skills). Transcription is taking place inside area A. mRNA is combining with the strand of DNA with the help of RNA Polymerase.
Reconnects DNA during replication Separates DNA during transcription Separates DNA during replication
32. From the DNA information given, fill in the missing information. DNA mRNA tRNA
T T T
AAA
UUU
33. From the tRNA information given, fill in the missing information. DNA mRNA tRNA
For #24‐26, remember that mRNA=CODONS that code for the amino acid.
Amino acid
LYSINE
Amino acid
GTT
CAA
GLUTAMINE
34. From the amino acid given, fill in the missing information. DNA mRNA
TAC
G U U
AUG
tRNA
UAC
Amino acid
Methionine
35. Below is a strand of mRNA. Follow the rules of translation and fill in the tRNA (anticodons) strand below.
36. Which two amino acids does the following DNA strand code for?
prevents the DNA from unraveling during cell division. As your cells divide the telomeres get thinner and eventually disappear causing vital nucleotides to be lost; thus causing aging.
45. What is a telomere and what does it have to do with aging? A telomere is the tip of each chromatid. It
Match the mitotic phase to the description:
G A C A U G
Glycine
A. Interphase B. Prophase C. Metaphase D. Anaphase E. Telophase
Asparagine
Mitosis 37. Label the cell cycle using the following words: Anaphase, Cell Divison, Cytokinesis, Gap 1, Gap 2, Interphase, Metaphase, Mitosis, Prophase, Synthesis, Telophase.
46. The sister chromatids move apart Anaphase 47. A new nuclear membrane is forming around chromosomes Telephase 48. The cytoplasm of the cell is dividing Cytokinesis 49. Chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell Metaphase
50. Cells perform normal functions Interphase
51. Chromatin condenses and form chromosomes Prophase
52. Spindle fiber begins to form Prophase
53. Spindle fiber connects to the centromeres Metaphase
54. DNA duplicates Interphase (S stage)
55. A cell plate develops separating two daughter plant cells Telephase
56. Label the pictures below with the proper stage of the cell cycle.
57. Place the picture of the cell cycle below in order by labeling them 1‐5; one being the first stage.
Metaphase (3) Prophase (2) Anaphase (4) Interphase (1) Telephase (5)
38. What happens during the S stage of Interphase? The DNA (chromatin) replicates
39. What are the long, spaghetti‐like strands of DNA called? Chromatin 40. What do you call the pinched in portion of two sister chromatids? Centromere 41. What is special about the genetic makeup of two daughter cells? They are identical 42. Describe cytokinesis: It is the division of the cell’s cytoplasm (not a part of mitosis) 43. What is the one difference between the G1 and the G2 stage of Interphase? Organelles duplicate in G1 44. Give two examples of a somatic cell: Answers will vary (anything but sex cells)
