Organic Molecules & Water Unit Review Worksheet KEY Directions: Answer the following questions the BEST you can without any help. After you have finished, notice what you don’t know and make note of this by highlighting the question. Now use notes, etc to finish. Water 1. Match the terms with their appropriate definition: e. Ion ______ An atom that has lost/gained electron(s) a. Element + g. Base ______ A solution with a low [H ] concentration b. Molecule a. Element ______ A substance made up of one type of atom c. Neutral (can’t be broken down by simple chemical means). d. Compound + f. Acid ] concentration _______ A solution with a high [H e. Ion d. Compound _______ A molecule composed of 2 or more diff elements. f. Acid b. Molecule _______ Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. g. Base h. Polar _______ Having slightly positive and slightly negative regions h. Polar + ‐ c. Neutral _______ An equal concentration of [H ] and [OH ] ions 2. Draw 4 water molecules and show how they properly bond with each other:
I know there are 5 water molecules here, but I want you to notice is that the slightly positive Hydrogens are bonded to the slightly negative Oxygen.
a. Circle the correct answer: The above is an example of cohesion / adhesion 3. You are making lemonade at home, where the ingredients are: ½ cup powdered lemon juice concentrate, 1 cup sugar, and 6 cups water. Water a. What is/are the solvent? __________________________________________
Powdered lemon juice & sugar b. What is/are the solute? _________________________________________ 4. List the properties of water below.
High Specific Heat _________________________________________ Cohesion _________________________________________ Adhesion Polar _________________________________________
Carbon Based Molecules Contains carbon/Carbon based 5. In terms of science, what does the term “organic” mean? ____________________________________ 6. What is it about Carbon’s atomic structure that makes it “the building block of life”? Carbon has 4 outer electrons (needs 8 to be stable) ‐ so it can form up to FOUR BONDS __________________________________________________________________ 7. Draw the electron configuration of a carbon atom that supports your answer in #2:
P = 6 n = 6
8. Name the 4 different types of organic moleculesand their monomer and polymer in the table below: Organic Molecule
Monomer
Polymer
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide
Polysaccharide
Lipids
Fatty Acid, Glycerol
Lipid
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotide
Nucleic Acid
Proteins
Amino Acid
Polypeptides/Proteins
9. Define the following and label the following parts (c, d, and e) in the figure: a. Monomer: ________________________________________________________________ smaller carbon based sub‐unit
a chain of linked carbon based sub‐units (monomers) b. Polymer: ________________________________________________________________
One Many
Monomer
Polymer
Carbohydrates 10. List the 3 elements that make up carbohydrates: a. _________ Carbon
b. _________ Hydrogen
Oxygen c. __________
C1 : H2 : O1 11. What is the ratio of these elements to one another? ___________ : ___________ : ___________
12. If a carbohydrate has 12 carbon atoms, how many hydrogen & oxygen atoms would this carbohydrate contain? 24 a. Hydrogen: ____________________
12 b. Oxygen: ___________________ Monosaccharide 13. What is the monomer of a carbohydrate called? ____________________________________________ Polysaccharide 14. What is the polymer of a carbohydrate called? _____________________________________________ 15. Fill in the table for the three major polysaccharides and one monosaccharide used in biology: Type of Carb
Monomer or Polymer?
Where found?
Starch
Polymer
Plants
Characteristics/Function Excess plant sugar that gets converted and stored in plants to be used for later use. When animals eat plants they consume starches.
Cellulose
Polymer
Plants
Glucose
Monomer
Plants
A plant starch found in the cell walls of plants, which help make the plant rigid
Made by plants. Source of energy for plants & animals (when eaten)
When animals eat plants the Glycogen
Polymer
Animals
glucose/starch is stored in the liver and muscles ‐ it is a readily available source of energy
Lipids 16. List the 5 types of lipids we covered in class:
Fats, Oils, Waxes, Phospholipids, Cholesterol
17. What are the main functions of lipids? a. ____________________________________________ Usable energy for cells b. ___________________________________________ They make up the cell membrane
Used for insulation and cushion organs c. ____________________________________________
Cholesterol 18. Which lipid gives cells their flexibility? ______________________________________________
19. Label as either SATURATED or UNSATURATED for a ‐ d:
a. _________________________________ b. _____________________________ Unsaturated Saturated Have fatty acids in which all carbon carbon bonds are single bonds.
Have fatty acids with at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
Saturated Unsaturated c. ____________________________ d. __________________________________ 20. Fill in the table below using the choices/questions in the “characteristics box”: Saturated Fats
Characteristics
Unsaturated Fats
Solid
State (solid/liquid/gas) at room temperature
Liquid
Commonly found in which type of organisms
Plants
Types of bonds connecting carbon atoms
Single & Double
Animals
Single
21. Draw 6 phospholipids and for ONE phospholipid label all its components plus the polar, non‐polar, hydrophilic, and hydrophobic regions. Head made of: phosphate and glycerol (polar and hydrophilic) Tails made of: 2 fatty acids (nonpolar and hydrophobic) Cell Membranes 22. What do phospholipids help to create? _________________________________ 23. How is a phospholipid different from a triglyceride? ____________________________________________________________________________________ A triglyceride’s head is made of just a glycerol, it has 3 fatty acid tails, & the whole
structure is nonpolar & hydrophobic. Nucleic Acids 24. Fill in the table for nucleic acids (there are 2 polymers for this monomer): Monomer
Polymers DNA
Nucleotide RNA
Functions Stores information/instructions for how to make proteins. Helps to make proteins (Copies DNA’s instructions & takes them to the ribosome)
gene 25. Fill in the blank: A section of DNA is called a _______________, and the arrangement of the protein nucleotides within this section of DNA determines the _____________________ created. 26. Name the three parts of a DNA nucleotide a. _______________________________________ Sugar b. _______________________________________ Phosphate
Nitrogen Containing Base c. _______________________________________ 27. Fill in the DNA molecule using the following letters: P (phosphate)
G (guanine)
S (sugar)
T (thymine)
A (adenine)
C (cytosine)
S
G
S
P
P
T
S P S
P
P
S
A
S
P
P
C
S P S P
P
28. Circle an entire nucleotide on the DNA segment above.
I circled 2 so you could compare them (both correct)
29. How many nucleotides are shown in the DNAsegment pictured? 30. What type of bond forms between nucleotides? Hydrogen
8
31. For the following strand of DNA bases: A C G C G T A T C, how would the attached DNA strand read?
T G C G C A T A G
32. For the following strand of DNA bases: A C G C G T A T C, how would the attached RNA strand read?
U G C G C A U A G
Proteins & Enzymes 33. Fill in the table for proteins: Monomer
Polymer
Function of Polymer
Amino Acid
Protein (Polypeptide)
Many different cellular functions/processes (ex: the protein hemoglobin transports oxygen)
20 34. How many different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms? _______________
arrangement/order 35. Fill in the blanks: The ________________________ of amino acids determines the type of protein made. Even one incorrect amino acid placement can change a protein’s _______________ structure
function & ________ Amino acid 36. What is the molecule pictured below? _________________________ 37. Label the molecule’s parts (a – c). 38. Circle the group on the structure below that is different for each one of these molecules.
R-group or side chain
Amino group
Carboxyl group
Polypeptide
39. What is another term for protein? ____________________
Peptide Bond 40. What specific type of bonds form between amino acids? _______________________________ 41. On the molecules pictured below, CIRCLE one complete amino acid and DRAW 2 arrows showing where the bonds between amino acids would form:
42. Define enzyme: A type of protein (usually) that lowers the amount energy needed to start a chemical reaction thus ____________________________________________________________________________________ speeding up the chemical reaction (makes the reaction happen faster). 43. What is another term for an enzyme? _________________ Catalyst 44. Why are enzymes important? a. ______________________________________________________________________________ They reduce the energy needed to start a chemical reaction and speed up chemical reactions; thus allowing homeostasis to be maintained. ______________________________________________________________________________ b. Give two examples to support your answer: Enzymes help break down food (metabolism/digestion) i. ________________________________________________________________________ Enzymes help build protein and other organic molecules ii. ________________________________________________________________________ Enzymes help your immune system respond to infection/pathogens You can have other answers as well 45. What are the 3 MAIN characteristics of enzymes? Characteristics of Enzymes Specific Reusable Sensitive I know there were only 3 options, but you could also say CATALYST
Explanation/Example Enzymes have a specific “active site” where only certain molecules can bond (that’s why it’s called a “lock and key model”). Their names are specific to what they do, ex: amylase breaks down starch into simple sugars. Enzymes can be used over and over again. Must stay within a set range of temperature, pH, & ionic conditions otherwise their hydrogen bonds start to break apart and they will no longer function. A type of protein (usually) that lowers the amount energy needed to start a chemical reaction thus speeding up the chemical reaction (makes the reaction happen faster).
