7. Fill in the table for the three major polysaccharides and one monosaccharide used in biology: Type of Carbohydrate. Monomer or Polymer? Where found...
Organic Molecules Review Worksheet | Chapter 2 (2.3 & 2.5) Carbon Based Molecules 1. In terms of science, what does the term “organic” mean? Contains carbon, or carbon based.
2. What is it about Carbon’s atomic structure that makes it “the building block of life”? It has 4 outer electrons (needs 8 to be full) so it can form up to FOUR BONDS. 3. Name the four different types of organic molecules:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
4. Define the following and label the following picture: a. Monomer: Smaller carbon based sub‐unit
One Many
b. Polymer: A chain of linked monomers Monomer
Carbohydrates 5. List the 3 elements that make up carbohydrates: a. Carbon
Polymer
b. Hydrogen c. Oxygen
6. What is the ratio of these elements to one another? __1__ : ___2___ : __1__ a. If a carbohydrate had 8 carbon atoms, how many hydrogen & oxygen atoms would this carbohydrate contain? i. Hydrogen: 16 ii. Oxygen: 8
7. Fill in the table for the three major polysaccharides and one monosaccharide used in biology:
Type of Carbohydrate Monomer or Polymer? Sugar or Glucose or Frutose (Monomer) Starch (Polymer) Glycogen (Polymer) Cellulose (Polymer)
Where found?
Characteristics/Function
Plants
Source of energy/food
Plants/Animals
Excess plant sugar that gets converted and stored
Animals
Plants
Specific starch found in the liver and muscles of animals‐ it is a readily available source of energy A plant starch found in the cell walls, which help make the plant rigid
Lipids 8. Name the 3 main types of lipids: Oils, fats, waxes, cholesterol, membrane (you could have any of these). 9. What are the main functions of lipids? a. Usable energy for cells b. They make up the cell membrane c. Used for insulation 10. Fill in the table for lipids: Monomer
Polymers
Fatty acid
Fat
Lipid
Membrane
11. Label as either SATURATED or UNSATURATED:
Unsaturated Saturated a. ________________________________ b. _______________________________ Have fatty acids in which all carbon carbon bonds are single bonds.
Have fatty acids with at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
Saturated Unsaturated c. ________________________________ d. _______________________________ 12. Fill in the table below: Saturated Fats
Solid
Characteristics
Unsaturated Fats
State (soild/liquid/gas) at room temperature
Liquid
Animals
Commonly found in which type of organisms
Plants
Types of bonds connecting carbon atoms
Double
Single
13. What is the structure below? Label all parts of this structure including the polar & nonpolar regions. Phospholipid a. ________________________________
Polar, phosphate head (usually glycerol in other lipids)
Non polar, fatty acid tails
Nucleic Acids 14. Fill in the table for nucleic acids: Monomer
Polymers (There are 2 types)
DNA Nucleotide RNA
Functions
Stores information/instructions on how to make proteins. Copies DNA’s instructions and takes them to the ribosome.
protein 15. Fill in the blank: The arrangement of the nucleotides determines the kind of ___________________ created. 16. Circle an entire nucleotide on the DNA segment. P 17. How many nucleotides are shown in the DNA P S segment pictured? 8 A S P 18. Name the three parts of a DNA nucleotide. P S G a. Phosphate (P) S P P b. Sugar (S) S T S c. Nitrogen containing (nitrogenous) base P P S 19. Fill in the DNA molecules to the right using letters: C S P P (phosphate) G (guanine) P S (sugar) T (thymine) A (adenine)
C (cytosine)
Proteins 20. Fill in the table for proteins: Monomer
Polymer
Amino acid
Protein/polypeptide
Function Many different functions (ex: the protein hemoglobin transports oxygen)
21. How many different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms? 20 22. Fill in the blanks: The order / arrangement of amino acids determines the type of protein made. Even one incorrect amino acid placement can change a protein’s structure and function.
23. What is the molecule pictured below?
26. What type of bonds form between amino acids?
Amino acid
Peptide bonds (a type of covalent bond)
24. Label the molecule’s parts (a – c).
27. What is another term for protein?
25. Circle the group on the structure (pictured below) that is different for every one of these molecules. R-group
Polypeptide 28. Draw, on the molecules pictured below, 2 arrows where these bonds would be:
Amino group
Carboxyl group
Enzymes 29. Define enzyme: A type of protein that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy. 30. What is another term for an enzyme? A catalyst (which is something that speeds things up). 31. Why are enzymes important? a. They reduce the activation energy, allowing homeostasis to be maintained. b. Give two examples: i. Enzymes help break down food (metabolism/digestion) ii. Enzymes help build protein 32. What are 3 characteristics of enzymes? Characteristics of Enzymes
Examples/Explanation
Specific
Enzymes have a specific “active site” where only certain molecules can bond (that’s why it’s called a “lock and key”). Their names are specific to what they do, ex: amylase breaks down amylose.
Reusable
Enzymes can be used over and over.
Sensitive
Must stay within a set range of temperature and/or pH, otherwise they start to break apart.
33. What causes enzymes to no longer work? pH, temperature, radiation, chemicals interacting with the enzymes outside of healthy ranges.
