Chapter Test A. Multiple Choice. Write the letter on the line provided that best answers the question or completes the statement. ____ 1. On the Galá...
Multiple Choice Write the letter on the line provided that best answers the question or completes the statement. ____ 1. On the Galápagos Islands, Charles Darwin observed a. completely unrelated species on each of the islands. b. species exactly like those found in South America. c. somewhat similar species with traits that suited their particular environment. d. species completely unrelated to those found in South America. ____ 2. The species of tortoises that Darwin found on the Galápagos Islands displayed different structural adaptations. One of the adaptations that Darwin noted was the a. similarity in the tortoises’ embryos. b. difference in shell markings of the tortoises. c. variation in length of the tortoises’ necks. d. difference in number of eggs in each tortoise’s nest.
____ 3. Darwin began to formulate his concept of evolution by natural selection after a. experimentation with animals. b. observations of many species and their geographical locations. c. reading the writings of Wallace. d. agreeing with Lamarck about the driving force behind evolution. ____ 4. One scientist who attempted to explain how rock layers form and change over time was a. Thomas Malthus. c. Charles Darwin. b. James Hutton. d. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. ____ 5. Lamarck proposed that organisms a. have an innate tendency toward complexity and perfection. b. have an innate tendency to become more simple as time passes. c. inherit all of the adaptations they display. d. belong to species that never change.
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____ 6. Lamarck’s theory of evolution includes the concept that new organs in a species appear as a result of a. continual increases in population size. b. the actions of organisms as they use or fail to use body structures. c. an unchanging local environment. d. the natural variations already present within the population of organisms. ____ 7. The idea that only famine, disease, and war could prevent the endless growth of human populations was presented by a. Darwin. c. Malthus. b. Lamarck. d. Lyell. ____ 8. When Darwin returned from the voyage of the Beagle, he a. immediately published his ideas about evolution. b. realized his ideas about evolution were wrong. c. wrote about his ideas but waited many years to publish them. d. copied the evolutionary theory of Wallace. ____ 9. When lions prey on a herd of antelope, some antelope are killed and some escape. Which part of Darwin’s concept of natural selection might be used to describe this situation? a. acquired characteristics b. reproductive isolation c. survival of the fittest d. descent with modification
____11. Darwin’s concept of evolution was NOT influenced by a. the work of Lyell. b. knowledge of the structure of DNA. c. his collection of specimens. d. his trip on the H.M.S. Beagle. ____12. The number and location of bones of many fossil vertebrates are similar to those in living vertebrates. Most biologists would probably explain this fact on the basis of a. the needs of the organisms. b. a common ancestor. c. the struggle for existence. d. the inheritance of acquired traits. 188
____10. According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, the individuals that tend to survive are those that have a. characteristics their parents acquired by use and disuse. b. characteristics that plant and animal breeders value. c. the greatest number of offspring. d. variations best suited to the environment.
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____13. Darwin viewed the fossil record as a. evidence that Earth was thousands of years old. b. a record of evolution. c. interesting but unrelated to the evolution of modern species. d. evidence that traits are acquired through use or disuse. ____14. Darwin’s theory of evolution is based on the idea(s) of a. natural variation and natural selection. b. use and disuse. c. a tendency toward perfect, unchanging species. d. the transmission of acquired characteristics. ____15. Which concept is NOT included in the modern theory of evolution? a. descent with modification b. natural selection c. transmission of acquired characteristics d. competition among the members of a population
Completion Complete each statement on the line provided. 16. Hutton and Lyell held similar views about Earth’s age. Both thought that Earth was ___________________ of years old. 17. Although his idea was incorrect, Lamarck was one of the first people to propose a scientific explanation for ___________________ . 18. Darwin concluded that in similar environments around the world, ___________________ could produce similar structures in unrelated species.
19. According to Darwin’s theory of evolution, all species on Earth are united by ___________________ . 20. Darwin proposed that natural selection takes place as individuals best suited to the ___________________ survive and reproduce.
Short Answer In complete sentences, write the answers to the questions on the lines provided. 21. In what way did the voyage of the Beagle provide Darwin with an ideal opportunity for collecting and analyzing data? _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________
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22. What was the scientific value of the specimens that Darwin brought back to England? _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________
23. What did Darwin learn about the land tortoises of the different Galápagos Islands? _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________
24. Were Darwin’s hypotheses about natural selection and evolution similar to the ideas of most other scientists of his time? Explain. _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________
25. Modern whales have a vestigial pelvis and femur. What does this evidence suggest about ancestors of modern whales? _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________
Using Science Skills Use the diagram below to answer the following questions on the lines provided.
Pinta Pinta Island
Hood Island Hood Isabela Island Figure 15-1
26. Interpreting Graphics What differences are apparent in the bodies of the three tortoise species shown in Figure 15-1? _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________
27. Interpreting Graphics Which of the tortoises shown in Figure 15-1 has the longest neck? _________________________________________________________________________________
28. Applying Concepts Can you tell from Figure 15-1 how closely the three tortoise species resemble the ancestral species? Why or why not? _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________
29. Inferring Vegetation on Hood Island is sparse and sometimes hard to reach. How might the vegetation have affected the evolution of the Hood Island tortoise shown in Figure 15-1? _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________
30. Forming Hypotheses Considering the body structures of the tortoises shown in Figure 15-1, which tortoises—a population from Pinta Island or a population from Isabela Island—might survive more successfully on Hood Island? Why? _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________
Essay Write the answer to each question in the space provided.
31. Explain how Darwin’s observation of the tortoises on the Galápagos Islands influenced his thinking.
32. What was Darwin’s greatest contribution to science, and how did he develop it?
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33. Discuss Lamarck’s contribution to the overall theory of evolution.
34. Suppose that selective breeding has produced a population of very similar chickens. Would that population survive if it were released into the world? Explain.
35. How is the idea of common descent supported by examples of homologous structures?
