Mental Math to Evaluate Products Catherine Kwok Jen Kershaw
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AUTHORS Catherine Kwok Jen Kershaw
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C HAPTER
Chapter 1. Mental Math to Evaluate Products
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Mental Math to Evaluate Products
In this concept, you will use mental math to evaluate products using the distributive property. Let’s Think About It
Mr. Thompson is preparing supplies for an art lesson. Each student will be given a bag with 15 color pencils and markers. There are total of 25 students in the class. Mr. Thompson doesn’t have a calculator or a pencil with him. How can Mr. Thompson find the total number of drawing utensils he will need for the class? In this concept, you will use mental math to evaluate products using the distributive property. Guidance
Some multiplication problems can be solved by doing the calculations in your head. That is called mental math. Some multiplication problems may seem too large to do in your head. But remember, a large number can be broken down into the sum of two smaller numbers.
109 = 100 + 9 The distributive property can help you evaluate the product of larger number. Remember that the distributive property is a property that allows you to multiply a number and a sum by distributing the multiplier outside the parentheses with each numbers inside the parentheses.
a(b + c) = ab + ac Here is a multiplication problem.
11 × 109 = 1
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Think of 109 as the sum of 100 plus 9. 11 × 109 = 11(100 + 9) Instead of multiplying 11 times 109, use the distributive property to distribute the multiplication to equal the sum of 11 times 100 and 11 times 9.
11(100 + 9) = 11(100) + 11(9) Try to find the products using mental math. Multiply 11 times 100 in your head. Remember than when you multiply a number by a multiple of 10, ignore the zeros and place it into the product at the end. 11 × 100 → 11 × 100 = 1100 Think 11 times 9 is 99. Now find the sum of the products. 11(100) + 11(9) 1, 100 + 99 = 1, 199 You have found the product of 11 times 109. 11 × 109 = 1, 199 Here is another multiplication problem. 12 × 53 = This problem would be difficult to do in your head. However, think of 53 as the sum of 50 plus 3. 12 × 53 = 12(50 + 3) Use the distributive property to distribute the multiplication of 12 between 50 and 3.
12(50 + 3) = 12(50) + 12(3) Multiply 12 times 50 in your head. 12 times 5 is 60, so 12 times 50 is 600. Multiply 12 times 3 in your head. 12 times 3 is 36. Now, add the sum of the products. 12(50) + 12(3) 600 + 36 = 636 The product of 12 times 53 is 636. 12 × 53 = 636 2
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Chapter 1. Mental Math to Evaluate Products
Guided Practice
Use mental math to solve this problem.
9 × 81 = First, change one of the numbers to the sum of two smaller numbers. 81 is 80 + 1. Then, use the distributive property to find the product of a number and a sum.
9(80 + 1) = 9(80) + 9(1) Next, calculate the products using mental math. Multiply 9 times 80. Think 9 times 80 is 9 times 8, then add a zero, 720. 9 times 1 is 9.
9(80) + 9(1) = 720 + 9 Finally, add the sum of the products.
720 + 9 = 729 The product of 9 times 81 is 729. Examples
Use mental math to evaluate the product. Example 1
5(99) First, change one of the numbers to the sum of two smaller numbers. 99 is 90 plus 9. Then, use the distributive property to find the product of a number and a sum.
5(90 + 9) = 5(90) + 5(9) Next, calculate the products using mental math and add the sum. 5 times 90 is 450. 5 times 9 is 45.
5(90) + 5(9) 450 + 45 = 495 The product of 5 times 99 is 495. 3
www.ck12.org Example 2
4(65)
First, change one of the numbers to the sum of two smaller numbers. 65 is 60 plus 5. Then, use the distributive property to find the product of a number and a sum.
4(60 + 5) = 4(60) + 4(5)
Next, calculate the products using mental math and add the sum. 4 times 60 is 240. 4 times 5 is 20.
4(60) + 4(5) 240 + 20 = 260
The product of 4 times 65 is 260.
Example 3
3(140)
First, change one of the numbers to the sum of two smaller numbers. 120 is 100 plus 40. Then, use the distributive property to find the product of a number and a sum.
3(100 + 40) = 3(100) + 3(40)
Next, calculate the products using mental math and add the sum. 3 times 100 is 300. 3 times 40 is 120.
3(100) + 3(20) 300 + 120 = 420
The product of 3 times 140 is 420. 4
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Chapter 1. Mental Math to Evaluate Products
Follow Up
Remember Mr. Thompson’s art lesson? He needs 15 color pencils and markers for 25 students. Multiply the numbers using mental math to find out how many drawing utensils Mr. Thompson needs. First, change one of the numbers to the sum of two smaller numbers. 15 is 10 plus 5. Note that the larger number does not always have to be the number broken down into two smaller numbers. Finding multiplies of 25 is similar to finding multiples of a quarter. Then, use the distributive property to find the product of a number and a sum.
25(10 + 5) = 25(10) + 25(5) Next, calculate the products using mental math and add the sum. 25 times 10 is 250. 25 times 5 is 125. (5 quarters is equal to $1.25 or 125 cents.
25(10) + 25(5) 250 + 125 = 375 Mr. Thompson will need a total of 375 drawing utensils. Video Review
MEDIA Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: http://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/166135
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MEDIA Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: http://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/166137
Explore More
Use mental math to evaluate the following expressions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
4(68)ˇ 8(45) 3(61) 2(53) 9(22) 6(44) 5(120) 12(12) 11(18) 13(12) 15(22) 20(106) 12(310) 25(16) 50(720) 100(210) 110(180) 1, 200(14)
Answers for Explore More Problems
To view the Explore More answers, open this PDF file and look for section 4.6.
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