Introduction to Chemistry Assessments Donald Calbreath, Ph.D.
Say Thanks to the Authors Click http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (No sign in required)
To access a customizable version of this book, as well as other interactive content, visit www.ck12.org
CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-source, collaborative, and web-based compilation model, CK-12 pioneers and promotes the creation and distribution of high-quality, adaptive online textbooks that can be mixed, modified and printed (i.e., the FlexBook® textbooks). Copyright © 2015 CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org The names “CK-12” and “CK12” and associated logos and the terms “FlexBook®” and “FlexBook Platform®” (collectively “CK-12 Marks”) are trademarks and service marks of CK-12 Foundation and are protected by federal, state, and international laws. Any form of reproduction of this book in any format or medium, in whole or in sections must include the referral attribution link http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (placed in a visible location) in addition to the following terms. Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including CK-12 Curriculum Material) is made available to Users in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC 3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/3.0/), as amended and updated by Creative Commons from time to time (the “CC License”), which is incorporated herein by this reference. Complete terms can be found at http://www.ck12.org/about/ terms-of-use. Printed: July 6, 2015
AUTHOR Donald Calbreath, Ph.D.
www.ck12.org
Chapter 1. Introduction to Chemistry Assessments
C HAPTER
1
Introduction to Chemistry Assessments
C HAPTER O UTLINE 1.1
What is Chemistry?
1.2
The Scientific Method
1.3
Introduction to Chemistry
1
1.1. What is Chemistry?
1.1 What is Chemistry?
Lesson Quiz Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice: 1. Copernicus studied a. b. c. d.
anatomy painting movement of the sun movement of the planets
2. Our major source of energy today is a. b. c. d.
wind fossil fuels nuclear energy solar power
3. Genetic information is contained in a. b. c. d.
proteins enzymes DNA lipids
4. Which one of the following is not a material created by chemists? a. b. c. d.
liquid crystals enzymes plastics ceramics
5. Chemists contribute to the growth of food by all of the following except a. b. c. d.
developing new fertilizers causing soil erosion creating new pesticides making new soil supplements
6. Algae blooms in water are caused by a. b. c. d.
excess oxygen in the water death of fish decrease in oxygen in the water fertilizer run-off from the ground
7. Many scientists believe that global warming is caused by a. sun spots b. increase in carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels 2
www.ck12.org
www.ck12.org
Chapter 1. Introduction to Chemistry Assessments
c. lowered carbon dioxide due to increased use by plants d. forest fires 8. Improved rubber compounds for tires might be developed by a. b. c. d.
an inorganic chemist a biochemist an organic chemist a physical chemist
9. There is often overlap between the disciplines of biochemistry and a. b. c. d.
inorganic chemistry analytical chemistry organic chemistry physical chemistry
10. All of the following are body parts developed by chemists except a. b. c. d.
hip replacement artificial skin plastic blood vessels artificial liver
True/False: 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
_____ Microscopic refers to the small particles that make up all matter. _____ Observing the rusting of iron is a microscopic process. _____ Chemistry is the study of planetary orbits. _____ The alchemists were never successful in their attempts to make gold. _____ The elixir of life was supposed to convey immortality to humans. _____ Pure chemistry always has a practical goal. _____ The development of wrinkle-free fabrics is an example of applied chemistry. _____ Studying how fast crystals form from salt solutions would be done by a physical chemist. _____ A biochemist would do research on glucose use by the liver. _____ Mercury is not toxic to humans.
Fill in the blanks: 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.
Chemistry is the study of the ________________ of matter and the __________ that matter undergoes. Matter is anything that has ___________ and takes up space. A _______________ would study the structure of the hemoglobin molecule and how it transports oxygen. An organic chemistry works mainly with ____________ compounds. The ____________ chemist would be interested in the analysis of rubies. ____________ chemistry is the study of the composition of matter, with a focus on separating, identifying, and quantifying chemical samples. One element known to cause brain damage in children is __________. Nuclear ________ is a process that occurs in the sun and stars. Alchemy contributed to the production of _________. The first attempts to classify substances were made by ____________. Iron is caused to rust by exposure to ________ and ____________.
Short Answers: 32. Rock salt sprinkled on ice will cause the ice to melt. Is this a macroscopic or microscopic process? 3
1.1. What is Chemistry?
www.ck12.org
33. Some scientists study the chemical processes that take place in the sun. Is this pure or applied chemistry? Explain your answer. 34. Why are some people concerned about using nuclear power plants to generate electricity?
4
www.ck12.org
Chapter 1. Introduction to Chemistry Assessments
1.2 The Scientific Method
Lesson Quiz Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice: 1. Copernicus made the following contribution to scientific progress a. b. c. d.
research on the behavior of solar flares measured the path of the moon developed the idea of the heliocentric solar system discovered the double helix
2. The Renaissance was a. b. c. d.
a time of scientific progress a medieval fair a time when science was not important a form of music
3. Experiments are important because they a. b. c. d.
provide jobs for scientists test the laws of science test the hypothesis identify the control group
4. A theory has been a. b. c. d.
repeatedly tested and shown to be true repeatedly tested without clear conclusions tested once and accepted poorly accepted by other scientists
5. All but one statement below tell why scientists work in groups a. b. c. d.
problems are complex research progress takes a lot of time and money some scientists are lazy and steal the ideas of others research progress occurs in small steps, so many people are needed
6. What does peer review do for science? a. b. c. d.
allows reviewers to eliminate research they don’t agree with makes sure research papers have reliable information costs extra money helps get a textbook written
7. A scientific law a. is always true b. might be disproved at some point in the future 5
1.2. The Scientific Method
www.ck12.org
c. is another term for a hypothesis d. does not have a lot of data to support it 8. The independent variable a. b. c. d.
always increases with an increase in temperature is never affected by temperature is changed during the experiment stays the same throughout the experiment
9. In order to accept the results of an experiment a. b. c. d.
other scientists must have failed to repeat it it must be repeatable a report needs to be written only a few people need to agree with the data
10. The control group for an experiment a. b. c. d.
checks the reproducibility of the experiment serves as the dependent variable serves as the independent variable does not experience the variable being tested
True/False: 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
_____ A theory has been widely tested _____ A theory never changes _____ The control group also has the experiment run on it _____ The Renaissance put an emphasis on observation and experimentation _____ The National Science Foundation is the only agency that funds research. _____ The dependent variable is the one that is changed during the experiment. _____ If experimental results are inconsistent with a hypothesis, the hypothesis must be changed or discarded. _____ An experiment must only be repeated by the group originally proposing the hypothesis in order for the hypothesis to be accepted. 19. _____ Publishing research in a scientific journal is not the only way to get the information out to others. 20. _____ A valid explanation for an observation does not need to be tested if it sounds reasonable. Matching: 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.
_____ I develop an initial explanation that answers the question I ask. _____ My final explanation has been repeatedly tested and is accepted by many scientists. _____ I see something that is puzzling and that I cannot explain. _____ what I get when I run an experiment _____ variable observed during an experiment _____ no known exceptions
a. observation b. theory c. hypothesis d. dependent e. results f. law Fill in the blanks: 6
www.ck12.org 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.
Chapter 1. Introduction to Chemistry Assessments
The Renaissance was a time of great __________ in Europe. Leonardo da Vinci carried out systematic studies of ________ and _________. Great advancements in ____, _____, and ____ were made during the Renaissance period. The _________ model said that the Earth revolved around the Sun. The scientific method is a _________ and __________ approach to the acquisition of knowledge.
Critical Write Question: 32. I want to study the effect of chocolate chips on the baking time of cookies. My experiment involves mixing different amounts of chocolate chips into cookie dough and baking the cookies in the oven at 350 °F for 30 minutes. I will assess the effect by observing the hardness of the final product. a. b. c. d.
What is the independent variable in this experiment? Explain your answer. How many dependent variables are there? List them and explain your answer. Should I carry out my cookie research by myself or have other people help? Explain your answer. Briefly describe two ways I can share my cookie research with other scientists.
7
1.3. Introduction to Chemistry
1.3 Introduction to Chemistry
Chapter Test Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice: 1. Baking soda produces ______ during cooking. a. b. c. d.
air carbon dioxide water hydrogen gas
2. Which of the following is not a part of the macroscopic world? a. b. c. d.
rainwater rusting iron bacteria leaves
3. What was the philosopher’s stone? a. b. c. d.
a material that protected the body a rock that Aristotle sat on while he taught a material used to refine ores a substance that could change lead into gold
4. Which of the following would not be considered applied chemistry? a. b. c. d.
study of the atomic structure of rubidium use of rubidium in jewelry treatment of disease using rubidium solutions research on how to dissolve rubidium
5. Which of the following statements about fossil fuels is incorrect? a. b. c. d.
coal, petroleum, and natural gas are fossil fuels they are a nonrenewable energy source the global supply of fossil fuels will never be used up fossil fuels supply most of our energy needs today
6. Which of the following statements is correct? a. b. c. d.
plastics are never used in hip replacement because they wear out quickly genetically modified corn requires more pesticides that the non-modified plant plastic tubing has been successfully used to repair diseased blood vessels drugs do not affect any chemical processes in the body
7. Which one of the following is a material that was not developed by chemists? a. quartz b. adhesives 8
www.ck12.org
www.ck12.org
Chapter 1. Introduction to Chemistry Assessments
c. copper cables d. polymers 8. Nuclear fusion a. b. c. d.
is used to generate electrical energy takes place in the sun and stars involves making large molecules from smaller ones takes place at low temperatures
9. The dependent variable a. b. c. d.
does not change as the temperature increases will change as the independent variable changes never changes is varied in the experiment to see how it influences the results
10. One of the following statements about Leonardo da Vinci is not true a. b. c. d.
he was called the father of modern science he studied water flow he discovered penicillin he did medical dissections
True/False: 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
_____ A tablet of ibuprofen is macroscopic. _____ Applied chemistry is involved in looking for basic scientific ideas. _____ The alchemists wanted to find the philosopher’s stone. _____ A biochemist studies how the pancreas affects blood glucose levels. _____ A physical chemist looks at the composition of rocks. _____ Nuclear energy is safer than using fossil fuels. _____ Mercury has been shown to be a toxic element. _____ Algae in water is a result of too little fertilizer. _____ Peer review helps make sure scientific papers are reliable. _____ Grant money can be used to purchase test tubes.
Fill in the blanks: 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.
_____ is a toxic element other than lead that is no longer used to any extent. Drugs work because of their __________ with other chemicals in the body. Kevlar was discovered by ____________ _______________ . Alchemists laid the foundation for the production of _________________ . Organic chemistry and __________ are often closely connected. List the five points of the scientific method in order: a. b. c. d. e.
__________ __________ __________ __________ __________
27. When scientists write grant proposals, they explain the _____ and _______ ______ of their research. Short Answers: 28. Why is peer review an important part of the publication of scientific results? 29. Give an example in the medical field where a scientist might use more than one chemistry discipline. 9
