Expressions and Equations
Andrew Gloag Anne Gloag
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AUTHORS Andrew Gloag Anne Gloag
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Chapter 1. Expressions and Equations
C HAPTER
1
Expressions and Equations
C HAPTER O UTLINE 1.1
Variable Expressions
1.2
Order of Operations
1.3
One-Step Equations
1.4
Two-Step Equations
1.5
Multi-Step Equations
1.6
Equations with Variables on Both Sides
1.7
Ratios and Proportions
1
1.1. Variable Expressions
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1.1 Variable Expressions
Learning Objectives • Evaluate algebraic expressions. • Evaluate algebraic expressions with exponents.
Introduction - The Language of Algebra No one likes doing the same problem over and over again—that’s why mathematicians invented algebra. Algebra takes the basic principles of math and makes them more general, so we can solve a problem once and then use that solution to solve a group of similar problems. In arithmetic, you’ve dealt with numbers and their arithmetical operations (such as +, −, ×, ÷). In algebra, we use symbols called variables (which are usually letters, such as x, y, a, b, c, . . .) to represent numbers and sometimes processes. For example, we might use the letter x to represent some number we don’t know yet, which we might need to figure out in the course of a problem. Or we might use two letters, like x and y, to show a relationship between two numbers without needing to know what the actual numbers are. The same letters can represent a wide range of possible numbers, and the same letter may represent completely different numbers when used in two different problems. Using variables offers advantages over solving each problem “from scratch.” With variables, we can: • Formulate arithmetical laws such as a + b = b + a for all real numbers a and b. • Refer to “unknown” numbers. For instance: find a number x such that 3x + 1 = 10. • Write more compactly about functional relationships such as, “If you sell x tickets, then your profit will be 3x − 10 dollars, or “ f (x) = 3x − 10,” where “ f ” is the profit function, and x is the input (i.e. how many tickets you sell). Example 1 Write an algebraic expression for the perimeter and area of the rectangle below.
To find the perimeter, we add the lengths of all 4 sides. We can still do this even if we don’t know the side lengths in numbers, because we can use variables like l and w to represent the unknown length and width. If we start at the top left and work clockwise, and if we use the letter P to represent the perimeter, then we can say: 2
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Chapter 1. Expressions and Equations
P = l +w+l +w We are adding 2 l’s and 2 w’s, so we can say that:
P = 2·l +2·w It’s customary in algebra to omit multiplication symbols whenever possible. For example, 11x means the same thing as 11 · x or 11 × x. We can therefore also write:
P = 2l + 2w Area is length multiplied by width. In algebraic terms we get:
A = l × w → A = l · w → A = lw Note: 2l + 2w by itself is an example of a variable expression; P = 2l + 2w is an example of an equation. The main difference between expressions and equations is the presence of an equals sign (=). In the above example, we found the simplest possible ways to express the perimeter and area of a rectangle when we don’t yet know what its length and width actually are. Now, when we encounter a rectangle whose dimensions we do know, we can simply substitute (or plug in) those values in the above equations. In this chapter, we will encounter many expressions that we can evaluate by plugging in values for the variables involved.
Evaluate Algebraic Expressions When we are given an algebraic expression, one of the most common things we might have to do with it is evaluate it for some given value of the variable. The following example illustrates this process. Example 2 Let x = 12. Find the value of 2x − 7. To find the solution, we substitute 12 for x in the given expression. Every time we see x, we replace it with 12.
2x − 7 = 2(12) − 7 = 24 − 7 = 17 Note: At this stage of the problem, we place the substituted value in parentheses. We do this to make the written-out problem easier to follow, and to avoid mistakes. (If we didn’t use parentheses and also forgot to add a multiplication sign, we would end up turning 2x into 212 instead of 2 times 12!) Example 3 Let y = −2. Find the value of 7y − 11y + 2. 3
1.1. Variable Expressions
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Solution
7 1 − 11(−2) + 2 = −3 + 22 + 2 (−2) 2 1 = 24 − 3 2 1 = 20 2 Many expressions have more than one variable in them. For example, the formula for the perimeter of a rectangle in the introduction has two variables: length (l) and width (w). In these cases, be careful to substitute the appropriate value in the appropriate place. Example 4
The area of a trapezoid is given by the equation A = h2 (a + b). Find the area of a trapezoid with bases a = 10 cm and b = 15 cm and height h = 8 cm. To find the solution to this problem, we simply take the values given for the variables a, b, and h, and plug them in to the expression for A:
h A = (a + b) Substitute 10 for a, 15 for b, and 8 for h. 2 8 8 A = (10 + 15) Evaluate piece by piece. 10 + 15 = 25; = 4. 2 2 A = 4(25) = 100 Solution: The area of the trapezoid is 100 square centimeters.
Evaluate Algebraic Expressions with Exponents Many formulas and equations in mathematics contain exponents. Exponents are used as a short-hand notation for repeated multiplication. For example:
2 · 2 = 22 2 · 2 · 2 = 23 4
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Chapter 1. Expressions and Equations
The exponent stands for how many times the number is used as a factor (multiplied). When we deal with integers, it is usually easiest to simplify the expression. We simplify:
22 = 4 23 = 8 However, we need exponents when we work with variables, because it is much easier to write x8 than x · x · x · x · x · x · x · x. To evaluate expressions with exponents, substitute the values you are given for each variable and simplify. It is especially important in this case to substitute using parentheses in order to make sure that the simplification is done correctly. For a more detailed review of exponents and their properties, check out the video at http://www.mathvids.com/less on/mathhelp/863-exponents—basics . Example 5
The area of a circle is given by the formula A = πr2 . Find the area of a circle with radius r = 17 inches. Substitute values into the equation.
A = πr2
Substitute 17 for r. 2
A = π(17)
π · 17 · 17 ≈ 907.9202 . . . Round to 2 decimal places.
The area is approximately 907.92 square inches. Example 6 Find the value of
x 2 y3 , x3 +y2
for x = 2 and y = −4.
Substitute the values of x and y in the following.
x 2 y3 (2)2 (−4)3 = x3 + y2 (2)3 + (−4)2 4(−64) −256 −32 = = 8 + 16 24 3
Substitute 2 for x and − 4 for y. Evaluate expressions: (2)2 = (2)(2) = 4 and (2)3 = (2)(2)(2) = 8. (−4)2 = (−4)(−4) = 16 and (−4)3 = (−4)(−4)(−4) = −64.
Example 7 5
1.1. Variable Expressions
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The height (h) of a ball in flight is given by the formula h = −32t 2 + 60t + 20, where the height is given in feet and the time (t) is given in seconds. Find the height of the ball at time t = 2 seconds. Solution
h = −32t 2 + 60t + 20 = −32(2)2 + 60(2) + 20
Substitute 2 for t.
= −32(4) + 60(2) + 20 = 12 The height of the ball is 12 feet.
Review Questions 1. Write the following in a more condensed form by leaving out a multiplication symbol. a. 2 × 11x b. 1.35 · y c. 3 × 41 d. 14 · z 2. Evaluate the following expressions for a = −3, b = 2, c = 5, and d = −4. a. 2a + 3b b. 4c + d c. 5ac − 2b 2a d. c−d e. 3b d a−4b f. 3c+2d 1 g. a+b h. ab cd 3. Evaluate the following expressions for x = −1, y = 2, z = −3, and w = 4. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.
8x3
5x2 6z3 3z2 − 5w2
x2 − y2 z3 +w3 z3 −w3 2x3 − 3x2 + 5x − 4
4w3 + 3w2 − w + 2 3 + z12
4. The weekly cost C of manufacturing x remote controls is given by the formula C = 2000 + 3x, where the cost is given in dollars. a. What is the cost of producing 1000 remote controls? b. What is the cost of producing 2000 remote controls? c. What is the cost of producing 2500 remote controls? 5. The volume of a box without a lid is given by the formula V = 4x(10 − x)2 , where x is a length in inches and V is the volume in cubic inches. 6
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Chapter 1. Expressions and Equations
a. What is the volume when x = 2? b. What is the volume when x = 3?
7
1.2. Order of Operations
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1.2 Order of Operations
Learning Objectives • Evaluate algebraic expressions with grouping symbols. • Evaluate algebraic expressions with fraction bars. • Evaluate algebraic expressions using a graphing calculator.
Introduction Look at and evaluate the following expression:
2 + 4 × 7 − 1 =? How many different ways can we interpret this problem, and how many different answers could someone possibly find for it? The simplest way to evaluate the expression is simply to start at the left and work your way across:
2+4×7−1 = 6×7−1 = 42 − 1 = 41 This is the answer you would get if you entered the expression into an ordinary calculator. But if you entered the expression into a scientific calculator or a graphing calculator you would probably get 29 as the answer. In mathematics, the order in which we perform the various operations (such as adding, multiplying, etc.) is important. In the expression above, the operation of multiplication takes precedence over addition, so we evaluate it first. Let’s re-write the expression, but put the multiplication in brackets to show that it is to be evaluated first.
2 + (4 × 7) − 1 =? First evaluate the brackets: 4 × 7 = 28. Our expression becomes:
2 + (28) − 1 =? When we have only addition and subtraction, we start at the left and work across: 8
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Chapter 1. Expressions and Equations
2 + 28 − 1 = 30 − 1 = 29 Algebra students often use the word “PEMDAS” to help remember the order in which we evaluate the mathematical expressions: Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition and Subtraction.
Order of Operations 1. Evaluate expressions within Parentheses (also all brackets [ ] and braces { }) first. 2. Evaluate all Exponents (terms such as 32 or x3 ) next. 3. Multiplication and Division is next - work from left to right completing both multiplication and division in the order that they appear. 4. Finally, evaluate Addition and Subtraction - work from left to right completing both addition and subtraction in the order that they appear.
Evaluate Algebraic Expressions with Grouping Symbols The first step in the order of operations is called parentheses, but we include all grouping symbols in this step—not just parentheses (), but also square brackets [ ] and curly braces { }. Example 1 Evaluate the following: a) 4 − 7 − 11 + 2 b) 4 − (7 − 11) + 2 c) 4 − [7 − (11 + 2)] Each of these expressions has the same numbers and the same mathematical operations, in the same order. The placement of the various grouping symbols means, however, that we must evaluate everything in a different order each time. Let’s look at how we evaluate each of these examples. a) This expression doesn’t have parentheses, exponents, multiplication, or division. PEMDAS states that we treat addition and subtraction as they appear, starting at the left and working right (it’s NOT addition then subtraction).
4 − 7 − 11 + 2 = −3 − 11 + 2 = −14 + 2 = −12 b) This expression has parentheses, so we first evaluate 7 − 11 = −4. Remember that when we subtract a negative it is equivalent to adding a positive: 9
1.2. Order of Operations
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4 − (7 − 11) + 2 = 4 − (−4) + 2 = 8+2 = 10 c) An expression can contain any number of sets of parentheses. Sometimes expressions will have sets of parentheses inside other sets of parentheses. When faced with nested parentheses, start at the innermost parentheses and work outward. Brackets may also be used to group expressions which already contain parentheses. This expression has both brackets and parentheses. We start with the innermost group: 11 + 2 = 13. Then we complete the operation in the brackets.
4 − [7 − (11 + 2)] = 4 − [7 − (13)] = 4 − [−6] = 10 Example 2 Evaluate the following: a) 3 × 5 − 7 ÷ 2 b) 3 × (5 − 7) ÷ 2 c) (3 × 5) − (7 ÷ 2) a) There are no grouping symbols. PEMDAS dictates that we multiply and divide first, working from left to right: 3 × 5 = 15 and 7 ÷ 2 = 3.5. (NOTE: It’s not multiplication then division.) Next we subtract:
3 × 5 − 7 ÷ 2 = 15 − 3.5 = 11.5 b) First, we evaluate the expression inside the parentheses: 5 − 7 = −2. Then work from left to right:
3 × (5 − 7) ÷ 2 = 3 × (−2) ÷ 2 = (−6) ÷ 2 = −3 c) First, we evaluate the expressions inside parentheses: 3 × 5 = 15 and 7 ÷ 2 = 3.5. Then work from left to right:
(3 × 5) − (7 ÷ 2) = 15 − 3.5 = 11.5 Note that adding parentheses didn’t change the expression in part c, but did make it easier to read. Parentheses can be used to change the order of operations in an expression, but they can also be used simply to make it easier to understand. 10
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Chapter 1. Expressions and Equations
We can also use the order of operations to simplify an expression that has variables in it, after we substitute specific values for those variables. Example 3 Use the order of operations to evaluate the following: a) 2 − (3x + 2) when x = 2 b) 3y2 + 2y + 1 when y = −3 c) 2 − (t − 7)2 × (u3 − v) when t = 19, u = 4, and v = 2 a) The first step is to substitute the value for x into the expression. We can put it in parentheses to clarify the resulting expression.
2 − (3(2) + 2) (Note: 3(2) is the same as 3 × 2.) Follow PEMDAS - first parentheses. Inside parentheses follow PEMDAS again.
2 − (3 × 2 + 2) = 2 − (6 + 2)
Inside the parentheses, we multiply first.
2 − 8 = −6
Next we add inside the parentheses, and finally we subtract.
b) The first step is to substitute the value for y into the expression.
3 × (−3)2 + 2 × (−3) − 1 Follow PEMDAS: we cannot simplify the expressions in parentheses, so exponents come next.
3 × (−3)2 + 2 × (−3) − 1
Evaluate exponents: (−3)2 = 9
= 3 × 9 + 2 × (−3) − 1
Evaluate multiplication: 3 × 9 = 27; 2 × −3 = −6
= 27 + (−6) − 1
Add and subtract in order from left to right.
= 27 − 6 − 1 = 20 c) The first step is to substitute the values for t, u, and v into the expression.
2 − (19 − 7)2 × (43 − 2) Follow PEMDAS:
2 − (19 − 7)2 × (43 − 2)
Evaluate parentheses: (19 − 7) = 12; (43 − 2) = (64 − 2) = 62
= 2 − 122 × 62
Evaluate exponents: 122 = 144
= 2 − 144 × 62
Multiply: 144 × 62 = 8928
= 2 − 8928
Subtract.
= −8926 11
1.2. Order of Operations
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In parts (b) and (c) we left the parentheses around the negative numbers to clarify the problem. They did not affect the order of operations, but they did help avoid confusion when we were multiplying negative numbers. Part (c) in the last example shows another interesting point. When we have an expression inside the parentheses, we use PEMDAS to determine the order in which we evaluate the contents.
Evaluate Algebraic Expressions with Fraction Bars Fraction bars count as grouping symbols for PEMDAS, so we evaluate them in the first step of solving an expression. All numerators and all denominators can be treated as if they have invisible parentheses around them. When real parentheses are also present, remember that the innermost grouping symbols come first. If, for example, parentheses appear on a numerator, they would take precedence over the fraction bar. If the parentheses appear outside of the fraction, then the fraction bar takes precedence. Example 4 Use the order of operations to evaluate the following expressions: a)
z+3 4 − 1 when z = 2 a+2 b+4 − 1 + b when
a = 3 and b = 1 c) 2 × w+(x−2z) − 1 when w = 11, x = 3, y = 1, and z = −2 (y+2)2 b)
a) We substitute the value for z into the expression.
2+3 −1 4 Although this expression has no parentheses, the fraction bar is also a grouping symbol—it has the same effect as a set of parentheses. We can write in the “invisible parentheses” for clarity:
(2 + 3) −1 4 Using PEMDAS, we first evaluate the numerator:
5 −1 4 We can convert
5 4
to a mixed number:
5 1 =1 4 4 Then evaluate the expression:
5 1 1 −1 = 1 −1 = 4 4 4 12
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Chapter 1. Expressions and Equations
b) We substitute the values for a and b into the expression:
3+2 −1 +1 1+4
This expression has nested parentheses (remember the effect of the fraction bar). The innermost grouping symbol is provided by the fraction bar. We evaluate the numerator (3 + 2) and denominator (1 + 4) first.
3+2 5 −1 +1 = −1 +1 1+4 5 = (1 − 1) + 1
Next we evaluate the inside of the parentheses. First we divide. Next we subtract.
= 0+1 = 1 c) We substitute the values for w, x, y, and z into the expression: 2 × 11+(3−2(−2)) − 1 2 (1+2) This complicated expression has several layers of nested parentheses. One method for ensuring that we start with the innermost parentheses is to use more than one type of parentheses. Working from the outside, we can leave the outermost brackets as parentheses (). Next will be the “invisible brackets” from the fraction bar; we will write these as [ ]. The third level of nested parentheses will be the { }. We will leave negative numbers in round brackets. 2×
[11 + {3 − 2(−2)}] h i − 1 {1 + 2}2
Start with the innermost grouping sign: {} . {1 + 2} = 3; {3 − 2(−2)} = 3 + 4 = 7
[11 + 7] =2 − 1 [32 ] 18 −1 =2 9 = 2(2 − 1)
Next, evaluate the square brackets. Next, evaluate the round brackets. Start with division. Finally, do the addition and subtraction.
= 2(1) = 2
Evaluate Algebraic Expressions with a TI-83/84 Family Graphing Calculator A graphing calculator is a very useful tool in evaluating algebraic expressions. Like a scientific calculator, a graphing calculator follows PEMDAS. In this section we will explain two ways of evaluating expressions with the graphing calculator. Example 5 Evaluate 3(x2 − 1)2 − x4 + 12 + 5x3 − 1 when x = −3. Method 1: Substitute for the variable first. Then evaluate the numerical expression with the calculator. Substitute the value x = −3 into the expression.
3((−3)2 − 1)2 − (−3)4 + 12 + 5(−3)3 − 1 13
1.2. Order of Operations
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Input this in the calculator just as it is and press [ENTER]. (Note: use ∧ to enter exponents)
The answer is -13. Method 2: Input the original expression in the calculator first and then evaluate.
First, store the value x = −3 in the calculator. Type -3 [STO] x (The letter x can be entered using the x− [VAR] button or [ALPHA] + [STO]). Then type the original expression in the calculator and press [ENTER]. The answer is -13. The second method is better because you can easily evaluate the same expression for any value you want. For example, let’s evaluate the same expression using the values x = 2 and x = 23 .
For x = 2, store the value of x in the calculator: 2 [STO] x. Press [2nd] [ENTER] twice to get the previous expression you typed in on the screen without having to enter it again. Press [ENTER] to evaluate the expression. The answer is 62.
For x = 23 , store the value of x in the calculator: 23 [STO] x. Press [2nd] [ENTER] twice to get the expression on the screen without having to enter it again. Press [ENTER] to evaluate. The answer is 13.21, or
1070 81
in fraction form.
Note: On graphing calculators there is a difference between the minus sign and the negative sign. When we stored the value negative three, we needed to use the negative sign which is to the left of the [ENTER] button on the 14
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Chapter 1. Expressions and Equations
calculator. On the other hand, to perform the subtraction operation in the expression we used the minus sign. The minus sign is right above the plus sign on the right. You can also use a graphing calculator to evaluate expressions with more than one variable. Example 7 Evaluate the expression
3x2 −4y2 +x4 1
for x = 2, y = −1.
(x+y) 2
Solution
Store the values of x and y: 2 [STO] x, -1 [STO] y. (The letters x and y can be entered using [ALPHA] + [KEY].) Input the expression in the calculator. When an expression includes a fraction, be sure to use parentheses: (numerator) . (denominator) Press [ENTER] to obtain the answer 24.
Additional Resources For more practice, you can play an algebra game involving order of operations online at http://www.funbrain.com/ algebra/index.html .
Review Questions 1. Use the order of operations to evaluate the following expressions. a. 8 − (19 − (2 + 5) − 7) b. 2 + 7 × 11 − 12 ÷ 3 c. (3 + 7) ÷ (7 − 12) d. 2·(3+(2−1)) 4−(6+2) − (3 − 5) 12−3·2 e. 4+7(3) 9−4 + 2 f. (4 − 1)2 + 32 · 2 2 2 g. (252 +5) ÷ (2 + 1) −42
2. Evaluate the following expressions involving variables. jk when j = 6 and k = 12 a. j+k 2 b. 2y when x = 1 and y = 5 c. 3x2 + 2x + 1 when x = 5 d. (y2 − x)2 when x = 2 and y = 1 2 e. x+y y−x when x = 2 and y = 3
15
1.2. Order of Operations
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3. Evaluate the following expressions involving variables. a. b. c. d.
4x when x = 2 9x2 −3x+1 2 x2 z x+y + x−y when x = 1, y = −2, and 4xyz when x = 3, y = 2, and z = 5 y2 −x2 2 x −z2 xz−2x(z−x) when x = −1 and z = 3
z=4
4. Insert parentheses in each expression to make a true equation. a. b. c. d.
5−2×6−5+2 = 5 12 ÷ 4 + 10 − 3 × 3 + 7 = 11 22 − 32 − 5 × 3 − 5 = 30 12 − 8 − 4 × 5 = −8
5. Evaluate each expression using a graphing calculator. a. x2 + 2x − xy when x = 250 and y = −120 b. (xy − y4 )2 when x = 0.02 and y = −0.025 x+y−z c. xy+yz+xz when x = 12 , y = 23 , and z = −1 d. e.
16
(x+y)2 when x 4x2 −y2 2 3 (x−y) + (x+y) x3 −y x+y4
= 3 and y = −5 when x = 4 and y = −2
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Chapter 1. Expressions and Equations
1.3 One-Step Equations
It’s Easier than You Think You have been solving equations since the beginning of this textbook, although you may not have recognized it. For example, in Lesson 1.4, you determined the answer to the pizza problem below. $20.00 was one-quarter of the money spent on pizza. 1 4m
= 20.00 What divided by 4 equals 20.00?
The solution is 80. So, the amount of money spent on pizza was $80.00. By working through this question mentally, you were applying mathematical rules and solving for the variable m. Definition: To solve an equation means to write an equivalent equation that has the variable by itself on one side. This is also known as isolating the variable. In order to begin solving equations, you must understand three basic concepts of algebra: inverse operations, equivalent equations, and the Addition Property of Equality.
Inverse Operations and Equivalent Equations In Lesson 1.2, you learned how to simplify an expression using the Order of Operations: Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division completed in order from left to right, and Addition and Subtraction (also completed from left to right). Each of these operations has an inverse. Inverse operations “undo” each other when combined. For example, the inverse of addition is subtraction. The inverse of an exponent is a root. Example 1: Determine the inverse of division. Solution: To undo dividing something, you would multiply. By applying the same inverse operations to each side of an equation, you create an equivalent equation. Definition: Equivalent equations are two or more equations having the same solution.
The Addition Property of Equality Just like Spanish, chemistry, or even music, mathematics has a set of rules you must follow in order to be successful. These rules are called properties, theorems, or axioms. They have been proven or agreed upon years ago, so you can apply them to many different situations. For example, the Addition Property of Equality allows you to apply the same operation to each side of the equation, or “what you do to one side of an equation you can do to the other.” The Addition Property of Equality For all real numbers a, b, and c: 17
1.3. One-Step Equations
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If a = b, then a + c = b + c.
Solving One-Step Equations Using Addition or Subtraction Because subtraction can be considered “adding a negative,” the Addition Property of Equality also works if you need to subtract the same value from each side of an equation. Example 2: Solve for y : 16 = y − 11. Solution: When asked to solve for y, your goal is to write an equivalent equation with the variable y isolated on one side. Write the original equation 16 = y − 11. Apply the Addition Property of Equality 16 + 11 = y − 11 + 11 Simplify by adding like terms 27 = y. The solution is y = 27. Example 3: One method to weigh a horse is to load it into an empty trailer with a known weight and reweigh the trailer. A Shetland pony is loaded onto a trailer that weighs 2,200 pounds empty. The trailer is then reweighed. The new weight is 2,550 pounds. How much does the pony weigh? Solution: Choose a variable to represent the weight of the pony, say p. Write an equation 2550 = 2200 + p. Apply the Addition Property of Equality 2550 − 2200 = 2200 + p − 2200. Simplify 350 = p. The Shetland pony weighs 350 pounds. Equations that take one step to isolate the variable are called one-step equations. Such equations can also involve multiplication or division.
Solving One-Step Equations Using Multiplication or Division The Multiplication Property of Equality For all real numbers a, b, and c: If a = b, then a(c) = b(c). Example 4: Solve for k : −8k = −96. Solution: Because −8k = −8 × k, the inverse operation of multiplication is division. Therefore, we must cancel multiplication by applying the Multiplication Property of Equality. Write the original equation −8k = −96. Apply the Multiplication Property of Equality −8k ÷ −8 = −96 ÷ −8. The solution is k = 12. When working with fractions, you must remember: 18
a b
× ba = 1. In other words, in order to cancel a fraction using
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Chapter 1. Expressions and Equations
division, you really must multiply by its reciprocal. Example 5: Solve 18 · x = 1.5. The variable x is being multiplied by one-eighth. Instead of dividing two fractions, we multiply by the reciprocal of 1 8 , which is 8. 1 · x = 8(1.5) 8 8 x = 12
Solving Real-World Problems Using Equations As was mentioned in the chapter opener, many careers base their work on manipulating linear equations. Consider the botanist studying bamboo as a renewable resource. She knows bamboo can grow up to 60 centimeters per day. If the specimen she measured was 1 meter tall, how long would it take to reach 5 meters in height? By writing and solving this equation, she will know exactly how long it should take for the bamboo to reach the desired height. Example 6: In good weather, tomato seeds can grow into plants and bear ripe fruit in as few as 19 weeks. Lorna planted her seeds 11 weeks ago. How long must she wait before her tomatoes are ready to be picked? Solution: The variable in question is the number of weeks until the tomatoes are ready. Call this variable w. Write an equation w + 11 = 19. Solve for w by using the Addition Property of Equality.
w + 11 − 11 = 19 − 11 w=8
It will take as few as 8 weeks for the plant to bear ripe fruit. Example 7: In 2004, Takeru Kobayashi of Nagano, Japan, ate 53 12 hot dogs in 12 minutes. He broke his previous world record, set in 2002, by three more hot dogs. Calculate: a) How many minutes it took him to eat one hot dog. 19
1.3. One-Step Equations
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b) How many hot dogs he ate per minute. c) What his old record was. Solution: a) Write an equation, letting m represent the number of minutes to eat one hot dog. Then, 53.5m = 12 Applying the Multiplication Property of Equality,
53.5m 12 = 53.5 53.5 m = 0.224 minutes It took approximately 0.224 minutes or 13.44 seconds to eat one hot dog. Questions b) and c) are left for you to complete in the exercises.
Practice Set Sample explanations for some of the practice exercises below are available by viewing the following video. Note that there is not always a match between the number of the practice exercise in the video and the number of the practice exercise listed in the following exercise set. However, the practice exercise is the same in both. CK-12 Ba sic Algebra: One-Step Equations (12:30)
MEDIA Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: http://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/65
Solve for the given variable. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 20
x + 11 = 7 x − 1.1 = 3.2 7x = 21 4x = 1 2 5x 12 = 3 5 x + 2 = 32 x − 56 = 83 0.01x = 11 q − 13 = −13 z + 1.1 = 3.0001 21s = 3 t + 12 = 31 7f 7 11 = 11 3 1 4 = −2 ·y 3 6r = 8 9b 3 16 = 8
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Chapter 1. Expressions and Equations
17. Peter is collecting tokens on breakfast cereal packets in order to get a model boat. In eight weeks he has collected 10 tokens. He needs 25 tokens for the boat. Write an equation and determine the following information. a. How many more tokens he needs to collect, n. b. How many tokens he collects per week, w. c. How many more weeks remain until he can send off for his boat, r. 18. Juan has baked a cake and wants to sell it in his bakery. He is going to cut it into 12 slices and sell them individually. He wants to sell it for three times the cost of making it. The ingredients cost him $8.50, and he allowed $1.25 to cover the cost of electricity to bake it. Write equations that describe the following statements. a. The amount of money that he sells the cake for (u). b. The amount of money he charges for each slice (c). c. The total profit he makes on the cake (w). 19. Solve the remaining two questions regarding Takeru Kobayashi in Example 7. Mixed Review 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.
√ Simplify 48. Classify 6.23 according to the real number chart. Reduce 118 4 . Graph the following ordered pairs: {(2, −2), (4, −1), (5, −5), (3, −2)}. Define evaluate. Underline the math verb in this sentence: The difference between m and n is 16. What property is illustrated here? 4(a + 11.2) = 4(a) + 4(11.2)
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1.4. Two-Step Equations
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1.4 Two-Step Equations Suppose Shaun weighs 146 pounds and wants to lose enough weight to wrestle in the 130-pound class. His nutritionist designed a diet for Shaun so he will lose about 2 pounds per week. How many weeks will it take Shaun to weigh enough to wrestle in his class? This is an example that can be solved by working backward (Lesson 2.8). In fact, you may have already found the answer by using this method. The solution is 8 weeks. By translating this situation into an algebraic sentence, we can begin the process of solving equations. To solve an equation means to “undo” all the operations of the sentence, leaving a value for the variable. Translate Shaun’s situation into an equation.
−2w + 146 = 130 This sentence has two operations: addition and multiplication. To find the value of the variable, we must use both properties of Equality: the Addition Property of Equality and the Multiplication Property of Equality. Procedure to Solve Equations of the Form ax + b = some number: 1. Use the Addition Property of Equality to get the variable term ax alone on one side of the equation:
ax = some number 2. Use the Multiplication Property of Equality to get the variable x alone on one side of the equation:
x = some number Example 1: Solve Shaun’s problem. Solution: −2w + 146 = 130 Apply the Addition Property of Equality: −2w + 146 − 146 = 130 − 146. Simplify: −2w = −16. Apply the Multiplication Property of Equality: −2w ÷ −2 = −16 ÷ −2. The solution is w = 8. It will take 8 weeks for Shaun to weigh 130 pounds.
Solving Equations by Combining Like Terms Michigan has a 6% sales tax. Suppose you made a purchase and paid $95.12, including tax. How much was the purchase before tax? Begin by determining the noun that is unknown and choose a letter as its representation. 22
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Chapter 1. Expressions and Equations
The purchase price is unknown so this is our variable. Call it p. Now translate the sentence into an algebraic equation.
price + (0.06)price = total amount p + 0.06p = 95.12 To solve this equation, you must know how to combine like terms. Like terms are expressions that have identical variable parts. According to this definition, you can only combine like terms if they are identical. Combining like terms only applies to addition and subtraction! This is not a true statement when referring to multiplication and division. The numerical part of an algebraic term is called the coefficient. To combine like terms, you add (or subtract) the coefficients of the identical variable parts. Example 2: Identify the like terms, then combine.
10b + 7bc + 4c + (−8b) Solution: Like terms have identical variable parts. The only terms having identical variable parts are 10b and −8b. To combine these like terms, add them together.
10b + 7bc + 4c + −8b = 2b + 7bc + 4c You will now apply this concept to the Michigan sales tax situation. Example 3: What was the purchase amount from this section’s opening scenario? Solution: p + 0.06p = 95.12 Combine the like terms: p + 0.06p = 1.06p, since p = 1p. Simplify: 1.06p = 95.12. Apply the Multiplication Property of Equality: 1.06p ÷ 1.06 = 95.12 ÷ 1.06. Simplify: p = 89.74. The price before tax was $89.74. The next several examples show how algebraic equations can be created to solve real-world situations.
Example 4: An emergency plumber charges $65 as a call-out fee plus an additional $75 per hour. He arrives at a house at 9:30 and works to repair a water tank. If the total repair bill is $196.25, at what time was the repair completed? 23
1.4. Two-Step Equations
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Solution: Translate the sentence into an equation. The number of hours it took to complete the job is unknown, so call it h. Write the equation: 65 + 75(h) = 196.25. Apply the Addition Property and simplify.
65 + 75(h) − 65 = 196.25 − 65
75(h) = 131.25 Apply the Multiplication Property of Equality: 75(h) ÷ 75 = 131.25 ÷ 75. Simplify: h = 1.75. The plumber worked for 1.75 hours, or 1 hour, 45 minutes. Since he started at 9:30, the repair was completed at 11:15. Example 5: To determine the temperature in Fahrenheit, multiply the Celsius temperature by 1.8 then add 32. Determine the Celsius temperature if it is 89◦ F. Solution: Translate the sentence into an equation. The temperature in Celsius is unknown; call it C. Write the equation: 1.8C + 32 = 89. Apply the Addition Property and simplify.
1.8C + 32 − 32 = 89 − 32 1.8C = 57 Apply the Multiplication Property of Equality: 1.8C ÷ 1.8 = 57 ÷ 1.8. Simplify: C = 31.67. If the temperature is 89◦ F, then it is 31.67◦C.
Practice Set Sample explanations for some of the practice exercises below are available by viewing the following video. Note that there is not always a match between the number of the practice exercise in the video and the number of the practice exercise listed in the following exercise set. However, the practice exercise is the same in both. CK-12 Ba sic Algebra: Two-Step Equations (13:50)
MEDIA Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: http://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/66
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Chapter 1. Expressions and Equations
1. Define like terms. Give an example of a pair of like terms and a pair of unlike terms. 2. Define coefficient.
In 3 –7, combine the like terms. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
−7x + 39x 3x2 + 21x + 5x + 10x2 6xy + 7y + 5x + 9xy 10ab + 9 − 2ab −7mn − 2mn2 − 2mn + 8 Explain the procedure used to solve −5y − 9 = 74
Solve and check your solution. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.
32.
1.3x − 0.7x = 12 6x − 1.3 = 3.2 5x − (3x + 2) = 1 4(x + 3) = 1 5q − 7 = 32 3 5 2 5x+ 2 = 3 5 s − 3s 8 = 6 0.1y + 11 = 0 5q−7 2 12 = 3 5(q−7) 2 12 = 3 33t − 99 = 0 5p − 2 = 32 14x + 9x = 161 3m − 1 + 4m = 5 8x + 3 = 11 24 = 2x + 6 66 = 32 k 5 1 8 = 2 (a + 2) 16 = −3d − 5 Jayden purchased a new pair of shoes. Including a 7% sales tax, he paid $84.68. How much did his shoes cost before sales tax? A mechanic charges $98 for parts and $60 per hour for labor. Your bill totals $498.00, including parts and labor. How many hours did the mechanic work? An electric guitar and amp set costs $1195.00. You are going to pay $250 as a down payment and pay the rest in 5 equal installments. How much should you pay each month? Jade is stranded downtown with only $10 to get home. Taxis cost $0.75 per mile, but there is an additional $2.35 hire charge. Write a formula and use it to calculate how many miles she can travel with her money. Determine how many miles she can ride. Jasmin’s dad is planning a surprise birthday party for her. He will hire a bouncy castle and provide party food for all the guests. The bouncy castle costs $150 dollars for the afternoon, and the food will cost $3.00 per person. Andrew, Jasmin’s dad, has a budget of $300. Write an equation to help him determine the maximum number of guests he can invite.
Mixed Review 25
1.4. Two-Step Equations
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33. Trish showed her work solving the following equation. What did she do incorrectly? −2c = 36 c = 18 34. Write an equation for the following situation: Yoshi had d dollars, spent $65, and earned $12. He had $96 left. 35. Find the domain of the following graph. 36. Is it a function? Explain your answer.
37. Find the difference: 21 − 15 9. 38. What is the additive identity? 39. Find the opposite of –4.1398.
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Chapter 1. Expressions and Equations
1.5 Multi-Step Equations So far in this chapter you have learned how to solve one-step equations of the form y = ax and two-step equations of the form y = ax + b. This lesson will expand upon solving equations to include solving multi-step equations and equations involving the Distributive Property.
Solving Multi-Step Equations by Combining Like Terms In the last lesson, you learned the definition of like terms and how to combine such terms. We will use the following situation to further demonstrate solving equations involving like terms. You are hosting a Halloween party. You will need to provide 3 cans of soda per person, 4 slices of pizza per person, and 37 party favors. You have a total of 79 items. How many people are coming to your party? This situation has several pieces of information: soda cans, slices of pizza, and party favors. Translate this into an algebraic equation.
3p + 4p + 37 = 79
This equation requires three steps to solve. In general, to solve any equation you should follow this procedure. Procedure to Solve Equations: 1. Remove any parentheses by using the Distributive Property or the Multiplication Property of Equality. 2. Simplify each side of the equation by combining like terms. 3. Isolate the ax term. Use the Addition Property of Equality to get the variable on one side of the equal sign and the numerical values on the other. 4. Isolate the variable. Use the Multiplication Property of Equality to get the variable alone on one side of the equation. 5. Check your solution. Example 1: Determine the number of party-goers in the opening example. Solution: 3p + 4p + 37 = 79 Combine like terms: 7p + 37 = 79. Apply the Addition Property of Equality: 7p + 37 − 37 = 79 − 37. Simplify: 7p = 42. Apply the Multiplication Property of Equality: 7p ÷ 7 = 42 ÷ 7. The solution is p = 6. There are six people coming to the party. 27
1.5. Multi-Step Equations
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Solving Multi-Step Equations by Using the Distributive Property When faced with an equation such as 2(5x + 9) = 78, the first step is to remove the parentheses. There are two options to remove the parentheses. You can apply the Distributive Property or you can apply the Multiplication Property of Equality. This lesson will show you how to use the Distributive Property to solve multi-step equations. Example 2: Solve for x : 2(5x + 9) = 78. Solution: Apply the Distributive Property: 10x + 18 = 78. Apply the Addition Property of Equality: 10x + 18 − 18 = 78 − 18. Simplify: 10x = 60. Apply the Multiplication Property of Equality: 10x ÷ 10 = 60 ÷ 10. The solution is x = 6. Check: Does 10(6) + 18 = 78? Yes, so the answer is correct. Example 3: Kashmir needs to fence in his puppy. He will fence in three sides, connecting it to his back porch. He wants the run to be 12 feet long and he has 40 feet of fencing. How wide can Kashmir make his puppy enclosure? Solution: Translate the sentence into an algebraic equation. Let w represent the width of the enclosure.
w + w + 12 = 40 Solve for w.
2w + 12 = 40 2w + 12 − 12 = 40 − 12 2w = 28 2w ÷ 2 = 28 ÷ 2 w = 14 The dimensions of the enclosure are 14 feet wide by 12 feet long.
Practice Set Sample explanations for some of the practice exercises below are available by viewing the following video. Note that there is not always a match between the number of the practice exercise in the video and the number of the practice exercise listed in the following exercise set. However, the practice exercise is the same in both. CK-12 Ba sic Algebra: Multi-Step Equations (15:01)
MEDIA Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: http://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/67
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Chapter 1. Expressions and Equations
In 1 –23, solve the equation. 3(x − 1) − 2(x + 3) = 0 7(w + 20) − w = 5 9(x − 2) = 3x + 3 2 5a − 31 = 72 2 2 2 9 i+ 3 = 5 1 4 v + 4 = 35 2 22 = 2(p + 2) −(m + 4) = −5 48 = 4(n + 4) 6 3 6 5 v − 5 = 25 −10(b − 3) = −100 6v + 6(4v + 1) = −6 −46 = −4(3s + 4) − 6 8(1 + 7m) + 6 = 14 0 = −7(6 + 3k) 35 = −7(2 − x) −3(3a + 1) − 7a = −35 −2 n + 37 = − 14 3 1 4 − 59 = − r − 5 60 6 3 4y+3 7 =9 (c + 3) − 2c − (1 − 3c) = 2 5m − 3[7 − (1 − 2m)] = 0 f − 1 + 2 f + f − 3 = −4 Find four consecutive even integers whose sum is 244. Four more than two-thirds of a number is 22. What is the number? The total cost of lunch is $3.50, consisting of a juice, a sandwich, and a pear. The juice cost 1.5 times as much as the pear. The sandwich costs $1.40 more than the pear. What is the price of the pear? 27. Camden High has five times as many desktop computers as laptops. The school has 65 desktop computers. How many laptops does it have? 28. A realtor receives a commission of $7.00 for every $100 of a home’s selling price. How much was the selling price of a home if the realtor earned $5,389.12 in commission?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.
Mixed Review 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.
Simplify 1 67 × 32 . Define evaluate. √ Simplify 75. Solve for m : 19 m = 12. Evaluate: ((−5) − (−7) − (−3)) × (−10). Subtract: 0.125 − 15 .
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1.6. Equations with Variables on Both Sides
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1.6 Equations with Variables on Both Sides As you may now notice, equations come in all sizes and styles. There are single-step, double-step, and multi-step equations. In this lesson, you will learn how to solve equations with a variable appearing on each side of the equation. The process you need to solve this type of equation is similar to solving a multi-step equation. The procedure is repeated here. Procedure to Solve Equations: 1. Remove any parentheses by using the Distributive Property or the Multiplication Property of Equality. 2. Simplify each side of the equation by combining like terms. 3. Isolate the ax term. Use the Addition Property of Equality to get the variable on one side of the equal sign and the numerical values on the other. 4. Isolate the variable. Use the Multiplication Property of Equality to get the variable alone on one side of the equation. 5. Check your solution.
Karen and Sarah have bank accounts. Karen has a starting balance of $125.00 and is depositing $20 each week. Sarah has a starting balance of $43 and is depositing $37 each week. When will the girls have the same amount of money? To solve this problem, you could use the “guess and check” method. You are looking for a particular week in which the bank accounts are equal. This could take a long time! You could also translate the sentence into an equation. The number of weeks is unknown so this is our variable, call it w. Now translate this situation into an algebraic equation:
125 + 20w = 43 + 37w This is a situation in which the variable w appears on both sides of the equation. To begin to solve for the unknown, we must use the Addition Property of Equality to gather the variables on one side of the equation. Example 1: Determine when Sarah and Karen will have the same amount of money. Solution: Using the Addition Property of Equality, move the variables to one side of the equation: 30
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Chapter 1. Expressions and Equations
125 + 20w − 20w = 43 + 37w − 20w Simplify: 125 = 43 + 17w Solve using the steps from Lesson 3.3.
125 − 43 = 43 − 43 + 17w 82 = 17w 82 ÷ 17 = 17w ÷ 17 w ≈ 4.82 It will take about 4.8 weeks for Sarah and Karen to have equal amounts of money. Example 2: Solve for h : 3(h + 1) = 11h − 23. Solution: First you must remove the parentheses by using the Distributive Property.
3h + 3 = 11h − 23 Gather the variables on one side.
3h − 3h + 3 = 11h − 3h − 23 Simplify.
3 = 8h − 23 Solve using the steps from Lesson 3.3.
3 + 23 = 8h − 23 + 23 26 = 8h 26 ÷ 8 = 8h ÷ 8 13 = 3.25 h= 4 Multimedia Link: Watch this video: for further information on how to solve an equation with a variable on each side of the equation.
Practice Set Sample explanations for some of the practice exercises below are available by viewing the following video. Note that there is not always a match between the number of the practice exercise in the video and the number of the practice exercise listed in the following exercise set. However, the practice exercise is the same in both. CK-12 Ba sic Algebra: Equations with Variables on Both Sides (9:28)
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1.6. Equations with Variables on Both Sides
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MEDIA Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: http://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/68
In 1 –13, solve the equation. 3(x − 1) = 2(x + 3) 7(x + 20) = x + 5 9(x − 2)= 3x + 3 2 a − 31 = 25 a + 23 2 2 1 2 7 t + 3 = 5 t − 3 1 1 3v 5 7 v+ 4 = 2 2 − 2 y−4 2 2y+1 11 = 5 · 3 2(3z+1) z 16 = 9 (3q+1) q q + = + 32 16 6 9 21 + 3b = 6 − 6(1 − 4b) −2x + 8 = 8(1 − 4x) 3(−5v − 4) = −6v − 39 −5(5k + 7) = 25 + 5k Manoj and Tamar are arguing about how a number trick they heard goes. Tamar tells Andrew to think of a number, multiply it by five, and subtract three from the result. Then Manoj tells Andrew to think of a number, add five, and multiply the result by three. Andrew says that whichever way he does the trick he gets the same answer. What was Andrew’s number? 15. I have enough money to buy five regular priced CDs and have $6 left over. However, all CDs are on sale today for $4 less than usual. If I borrow $2, I can afford nine of them. How much are CDs on sale for today? 16. Jaime has a bank account with a balance of $412 and is saving $18 each week. George has a bank account with a balance of $874 and is spending $44 dollars each week. When will the two have the same amount of money? 17. Cell phone plan A charges $75.00 each month and $0.05 per text. Cell phone plan B charges $109 dollars and $0.00 per text.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
a. At how many texts will the two plans charge the same? b. Suppose you plan to text 3,000 times per month. Which plan should you choose? Why? 18. To rent a dunk tank, Modern Rental charges $150 per day. To rent the same tank, Budgetwise charges $7.75 per hour. a. When will the two companies charge the same? b. You will need the tank for a 24-hour fund raise-a-thon. Which company should you choose? Mixed Review 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 32
Solve for t : −12 + t = −20. Solve for r : 3r − 7r = 32. Solve for e : 35 = 5(e + 2). 25 more than four times a number is 13. What is the number? Find the opposite of 9 51 . Write your answer as an improper fraction. Evaluate (|b|−a) − (|d|−a). Let a = 4, b = −6, and d = 5. Give an example of an integer that is not a counting number.
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Chapter 1. Expressions and Equations
Quick Quiz 1. Determine the inverse of addition. 2. Solve for w : −4w = 16. 3. Write an equation to represent the situation and solve. Shauna ran the 400 meter dash in 56.7 seconds, 0.98 seconds less than her previous time. What was her previous time? 4. Solve for b : 12 b + 5 = 9. 5. Solve for q : 3q + 5 − 4q = 19.
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1.7. Ratios and Proportions
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1.7 Ratios and Proportions Ratios and proportions have a fundamental place in mathematics. They are used in geometry, size changes, and trigonometry. This lesson expands upon the idea of fractions to include ratios and proportions. A ratio is a fraction comparing two things with the same units. A rate is a fraction comparing two things with different units. You have experienced rates many times: 65 mi/hour, $1.99/pound, $3.79/yd 2 . You have also experienced ratios. A “student to teacher” ratio shows approximately how many students one teacher is responsible for in a school. Example 1: The State Dining Room in the White House measures approximately 48 feet long by 36 feet wide. Compare the length of the room to the width, and express your answer as a ratio. Solution: 48 f eet 4 = 36 f eet 3 The length of the State Dining Room is
4 3
the width.
A proportion is a statement in which two fractions are equal: Example 2: Is
2 3
=
6 12
a b
= dc .
a proportion?
Solution: Find the least common multiple of 3 and 12 to create a common denominator. 8 6 2 = 6= 3 12 12 This is NOT a proportion because these two fractions are not equal. A ratio can also be written using a colon instead of the fraction bar. a b
=
c d
can also be read, “a is to b as c is to d” or a : b = c : d.
The values of a and d are called the extremes of the proportion and the values of b and c are called the means. To solve a proportion, you can use the cross products. The Cross Products of a Proportion: If
a b
= dc , then ad = bc.
Example 3: Solve
a 9
= 67 .
Solution: Apply the Cross Products of a Proportion.
6a = 7(9) 6a = 63 Solve for a.
a = 10.5 34
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Chapter 1. Expressions and Equations
Consider the following situation: A train travels at a steady speed. It covers 15 miles in 20 minutes. How far will it travel in 7 hours, assuming it continues at the same rate? This is an example of a problem that can be solved using several methods, including proportions. To solve using a proportion, you need to translate the statement into an algebraic sentence. The key to writing correct proportions is to keep the units the same in each fraction. miles time 6= time miles
miles miles = time time You will be asked to solve this problem in the practice set.
Practice Set Sample explanations for some of the practice exercises below are available by viewing the following video. Note that there is not always a match between the number of the practice exercise in the video and the number of the practice exercise listed in the following exercise set. However, the practice exercise is the same in both. CK-12 Ba sic Algebra: Ratio and Proportion (10:25)
MEDIA Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: http://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/69
Write the following comparisons as ratios. Simplify fractions where possible. 1. 2. 3. 4.
$150 to $3 150 boys to 175 girls 200 minutes to 1 hour 10 days to 2 weeks
In 5 –10, write the ratios as a unit rate. 35
1.7. Ratios and Proportions 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
54 hotdogs to 12 minutes 5000 lbs to 250 in2 20 computers to 80 students 180 students to 6 teachers 12 meters to 4 floors 18 minutes to 15 appointments Give an example of a proportion that uses the numbers 5, 1, 6, and 30 5 In the following proportion, identify the means and the extremes: 12 =
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35 84
In 13 –23, solve the proportion. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
13 5 6 = x 1.25 3.6 7 = x 6 x 19 = 11 1 0.01 x = 5 300 x 4 = 99 x 2.75 9 = (2) 9 x 1.3 4 = 1.3 0.1 1.9 1.01 = x 5p 3 12 = 11 4 − 9x = 11 n+1 11 = −2
19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. A restaurant serves 100 people per day and takes in $908. If the restaurant were to serve 250 people per day, what might the cash collected be? 25. The highest mountain in Canada is Mount Yukon. It is 298 67 the size of Ben Nevis, the highest peak in Scotland. Mount Elbert in Colorado is the highest peak in the Rocky Mountains. Mount Elbert is 220 67 the height of Ben 44 Nevis and 48 the size of Mont Blanc in France. Mont Blanc is 4800 meters high. How high is Mount Yukon? 26. At a large high school, it is estimated that two out of every three students have a cell phone, and one in five of all students have a cell phone that is one year old or less. Out of the students who own a cell phone, what proportion own a phone that is more than one year old? 27. The price of a Harry Potter Book on Amazon.com is $10.00. The same book is also available used for $6.50. Find two ways to compare these prices. 28. To prepare for school, you purchased 10 notebooks for $8.79. How many notebooks can you buy for $5.80? 29. It takes 1 cup mix and 34 cup water to make 6 pancakes. How much water and mix is needed to make 21 pancakes? 30. Ammonia is a compound consisting of a 1:3 ratio of nitrogen and hydrogen atoms. If a sample contains 1,983 hydrogen atoms, how many nitrogen atoms are present? 31. The Eagles have won 5 out of their last 9 games. If this trend continues, how many games will they have won in the 63-game season? 32. Solve the train situation described earlier in this lesson. Mixed Review 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 36
15 Solve 16 ÷ 58 . Evaluate |9 − 108|. Simplify: 8(8 − 3x) − 2(1 + 8x). Solve for n : 7(n + 7) = −7. Solve for x : −22 = −3 + x. Solve for u : 18 = 2u. Simplify: − 71 − −1 13 .
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Chapter 1. Expressions and Equations
40. Evaluate: 5 × 6p |n| when n = 10 and p = −6. 41. Make a table for −4 ≤ x ≤ 4 for f (x) = 18 x + 2. 42. Write as an English phrase: y + 11.
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