Cell Structure and Function Rose Marsh
Say Thanks to the Authors Click http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (No sign in required)
To access a customizable version of this book, as well as other interactive content, visit www.ck12.org
CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-content, web-based collaborative model termed the FlexBook®, CK-12 intends to pioneer the generation and distribution of high-quality educational content that will serve both as core text as well as provide an adaptive environment for learning, powered through the FlexBook Platform®. Copyright © 2013 CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org The names “CK-12” and “CK12” and associated logos and the terms “FlexBook®” and “FlexBook Platform®” (collectively “CK-12 Marks”) are trademarks and service marks of CK-12 Foundation and are protected by federal, state, and international laws. Any form of reproduction of this book in any format or medium, in whole or in sections must include the referral attribution link http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (placed in a visible location) in addition to the following terms. Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including CK-12 Curriculum Material) is made available to Users in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC 3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/3.0/), as amended and updated by Creative Commons from time to time (the “CC License”), which is incorporated herein by this reference. Complete terms can be found at http://www.ck12.org/terms. Printed: October 15, 2013
AUTHOR Rose Marsh
www.ck12.org
C ONCEPT
Concept 1. Cell Structure and Function
1
Cell Structure and Function
Review of Basic Biological Principles
The cell is an organism’s basic unit of structure and function. The cells is the lowest level of structure capable of performing all activities of life (characteristics of life). All organisms are composed of cells. All cells, at some stage, contain DNA. A particular DNA sequence provides the same information to one organism as it does to another. Differences among organisms reflect differences in DNA sequences. Biological structure gives clues about what it does and how it works. There are many types of cells. Knowing the cells structure’s and function gives insights about its construction. A cells form and structure determines its function. There are two major types of cells (containing many types) : prokaryotic and eukaryotic (based on structural organization). Cell’s purpose is more important then acting as a small organization pieces. Cells had their purpose long before they started working together in groups and building more advanced organisms. Remember that life is organization and non-life is chaos. organelles– small structures inside cells that carry out specific functions within the cell. Goal and Objectives:
Goal: Describe relationships between structure and function at biological levels of organization. Objective: • Compare cellular structures and their functions in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. • Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at various levels of biological organization (i.e., organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and multicellular organisms). Student role:
Read through the content on different cell types, structure and functions. Using this information: 1. Answer review questions. 2. Solve cell problem. Cell Problem:
This cell is not fully healty, the main indicator of what is wrong with the cell is the lack of energy. What is your hypothesis about what is wrong with the cell? Using your hypothese how would you design and conduct an experiment to test this? What type of anaylsis would you get? Why do you think this?
PDF copy of cell structures: Click here. Cell Structure and Function
As you go over the different parts and function of the cell keep in mind that all cells for survival need to obtain oxygen, food, and water; plus get rid of waste. 1
www.ck12.org
FIGURE 1.1 Unhealthy Cell
FIGURE 1.2 Figure 1: Cells structures
Cell Wall (1)
Structure: Cell Wall a rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants. Function: Protects and supports the cell, adds strength, and permeable (allows specific material to pass through easily example water and oxygen). Found in: Plants (eukaryotic), bacteria (prokaryotic), fungi (eukaryotic), algae (eukaryotic), and some archaea (prokaryotic). Analogie: cell wall - fortress
Cell Membrane (2)
Structure: Thin semi permeable membrane that surronds the cytoplasm of the cell. Membrane composed of phospholipids and proteins. Function: To protects the cell by controling what passes through to the interior of the cell and passes out. Through biochemical mechanisms small nutrients pass through the membrane to the cell’s interior. The lipids help give membranes their flexibility, proteins monitor and maintain the cell’s chemical climate. Found in: All eukaryotic and prokaryotic Analogie: cell membrane - doorway 2
www.ck12.org
Concept 1. Cell Structure and Function
Celia and Flagella (3)
Structure: Made from microtubles. If the gubules are short and numerous they are termed cillia. If they are long less numerous they are termed flagella. Function: For cellular locomotion(movement). Found in: bacteria (prokaryotic), animals (eukaryotic), algae (eukaryotic), ferns (eukaryotic) Cytoplasm (4)
Structure: Within the cell membrane is the cytosol (Cytoplasm). Contains water, enzymes, salts, organelles, and organic molecules. Function: Fluid portion of the cell suspends organelles, and enzymes and proteins produced within the cytoplasm. Also with in the cytoplasm is the cytoskeleton (4a) (eukaryotic) , a network of fibers that help the cell maintain its shape and give it support. Also dissolves cellular waste. Found in: All prokaryotic and eukaryotic Endoplasmic Reticulum (5)
Structure: Network of membrane channels with or without sacs in the cytosol. Endoplasmic reticulum with no sacs (ribosomes), it is known as smooth ER, it is refered to as rough ER if sacs are present. Function: A packaging system. Rough ER (contain sacs (cisternae) store the complex molecules) are actively synthesizes carbohydrates and lipids. Smooth ER (no sacs) synthesis carbohydrates, lipids, and steroids; serves as a storage and transitional area for transport. Smooth ER function changes with types of cells (liver (detoxify certain comounds), muscle (contraction of muscle cells) , brain (female hormones), etc.). Found in: Plant and animal Eukaryotic Analogie: ER - converyor belt Ribosomes (6)
Structure: Found around the cell floating or on the endoplasmic reticulum. Function: Protein builders or the protein synthesizers of the cell. They connect one amino acid at a time and guild a chain. When the cell needs to make protein, the nucleus creates mRNA and sends it to the ribosome. The mRNA joins with the ribosome to create proten. Found in: Eukaryotic and prokaryotic Analogie: ribosome - factory Glogi Complex (7)
Structure: Flatten membranes for receiving proteins form the ER. Looks like a stack of pancakes. Function: Stores, sorts and packages proteins for secretion from the cell. Golgi gathers simple molecules and combines them to make molecules that are more complex (proteins, sugars, enzymes). Builds lysosomes (cell digestion machines). Found in: Plant and animal Eukaryotic Analogie: golgi bodies - warehouse 3
www.ck12.org Lysosomes (7)
Structure: Created by Golgi Complex. Single membrane organelles that floats in the cytoplasm. Organelle holds a variety of enzymes. Function: Hold enzymes to digest things (good or break down the cell). Like digestion machines. Found in: Animal Eukaryotic Video: Click Here
Mitochondria (8) (Powerhouse)
Structure: Double membrane enclosed organelle. The inner membrane folds over many times increasing the surface area inside. Filled with water and proteins (enxymes). Function: Produces ATP, which is the energy of the cell. Active cells requiring more energy have more mitochondria. Chemical reastions happen on the inner membrane. Take food molecules and combine them with oxygen so the material can be diagested. The mitochondria is also invovled in controlling the concentration of calcium within the cell. The process used to create cell energy is cellular respiration. Found in: Plant and animal Eukaryotic Analogie: mitochondrion - powerhouse
Vaculoles (9)
Structure: Membrane that surrounds a fass of fluid. Function: Storage bubles for water (plants), food and waste products. Found in: Plant and animal Eukaryotic Analogie: vacuole - storage
Centrioles (10)
Structure: Cylindrical structures composesd of microtubules. Function: Organize the microtubules during cell division. Form cillia and flagella. Found in: Plant and Animal Eukaryotic. ( Not fungi)
Chloroplast (11)
Structure: Contains outer, and inner membrane, stroma. Function: Food producers (sugar and starches) of the cell. The stroma is where the reactions occur and starches (sugars) are created. Found in: Plant Eukaryotic Analogie: chloroplast - green house 4
www.ck12.org
Concept 1. Cell Structure and Function
Nucleus (12) (brain)
Structure: Nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus and its contents. Located in the center of the cell. Prokaryotic do not have a defined nucleus. Function: Controls eating, moement and repoduction. Holds genetic material Chromatin (DNA, Protein and RNA). Found in: Plant and animal Eukaryotic Analogie: nucleus - control center Nuclear Envelope (13)
Structure: Membrane that contains poes and spaces for regulating material entering and exiting. Function: Controls RNA and proteins to pass and keeps all of the chromatin inside the nucleolus. Found in: Plant and animal Eukaryotic Nucleolus (14)
Structure: Center of nucleus and non membraine. Made of RNA (nucleic acid) and protein. Function: Controls eating, moement and repoduction. Holds genetic code. Found in: Plant and animal Eukaryotic Nucleoid (15)
Structure: Not defined, floating in cytoplasm. Circular, double stranded piece of DNA. Function: Controls eating, moement and repoduction. Holds genetic code. Found in: Prokaryotic Other chemicals contained in cells: Nutrients:
All cells contain nutrients. Nutrients are imported from the outside, or make inside the cell. Nutrients are used for all the chemical intermediates the cell requires in making new structures, activiey, and for excreation of waste. For example, common waste material of many microbes include alcohol, lactic and acetic acids.
Proteins: (enzymes are mostly proteins) Function: Remember that life is organization and non-life is chaos. A cells organization and ability to produce and maintain life is accomplished through extremely specific interaction between pairs of molecules. Stucture: All proteins are composed of 20 AMINO ACIDS arranged in a LINEAR (stright) chain. The 20 amino acids that differ in their side chains. The chemical nature of an enzyme (protein), what it does in the cell (its function), is determined by the SUM of the chemical characteristics of the amino acides that comprise it and by their arrangements, one amino acide to another, in the linear chain. Think of a protein as a string of the numbers 1-20 arranged linearly in groups of 300 to 400. How many combinations of arrangements could you make this way? Proteins (linear amino acid structure) (=Enzyme) determines what its function is in the cell. Each enzyme has its own unique functional structure. 5
www.ck12.org Proteins result when DNA code has been transcribed into RNA and translated into aminio acids (polypeptide) chains. More on proteins and connection to water and the amino acids are bonded together will be covered in the chemical basis for life. Analogy: Factories produce products for internal and external use. Factory (cell) products result when plans from the office (DNA) are copied and distributed to workers (Ribosomes) who combine various components to assemble a product (protien enxyme).
FIGURE 1.3 Figure 1: Cells structures
FIGURE 1.4 Eukaryotic Structures in Plants and Animal Cells
PDF version of Eukaryotic cell structures and functions Click Here 6
www.ck12.org
Concept 1. Cell Structure and Function
Other Resources:
• • • • • •
Video of cell structures: http://users.uma.maine.edu/SBaker/nucleus_endo.html Biology4Kids.com: http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_main.html Cells alive: http://www.cellsalive.com/ Quiz to review cell organelles: http://www.biology4kids.com/extras/quiz_cellorgan/index.html Matching cell structure and functions: http://www.quia.com/cm/64649.html Prokaryotic cell structure and function: http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_biology_7/media/inter activemedia/activities/load.html?6&B • Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic tour: http://www.pisgahscience.com/holmescc/module4/pro_eukar.swf • Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell: Click Here • Flash cards: http://quizlet.com/14869894/cell-structure-and-parts-flash-cards/ Review:
Describe the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Describe the function(s) of the organelles in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Creat a Venn Diagram that compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. (Click Here) What is the role a vacuole plays in maintaining cell health? What is the difference between lysosomes and vacuoles? Problem Scenario:
FIGURE 1.5 Unhealthy Cell
This cell is not fully healty, the main indicator of what is wrong with the cell is the lack of energy. What is your hypothesis about what is wrong with the cell? Using your hypothese how would you design and conduct an experiment to test this? What type of anaylsis would you get? Why do you think this?
References 1. CK-12 Foundation. . CCSA 7
www.ck12.org 2. 3. 4. 5.
8
CK-12 Foundation. CK-12 Foundation. CK-12 Foundation. CK-12 Foundation.
. . . .
CCSA CCSA CCSA CCSA