Biology Notes: Organic Molecules Organic Molecules • Carbon = building block of organic molecules • Carbon is unique - 2nd electron level ________________ full - Will bond up to ________________ times Monomer: ________________ carbon molecules - Ex: Amino acid • Polymer: ________________ of linked ________________ Draw stable C & H compound - Ex: Protein Carbon creates 4 bonds to be stable • Is Carbon stable with 4 electrons in its outer layer? __________ • Is Hydrogen stable with 1 electron in its layer? _________ • So what do atoms do when they are unstable? __________ Carbohydrates • Readily available food source • C__________: H__________: O__________ ratio - Ex: _______________ = C6 H12 O6 • Monomer: ____________________ - Simple sugars - Bond to form ______________ sugars • Polymer: ____________________ - Complex sugars Carbohydrate Polymers: _____________________ • ________________ chain of monosaccharides • Ex: Starch: excess _______________ sugar converted & stored • Ex: Glycogen: ________________ starch , stored in ________________ & muscles • Ex: Cellulose: starch used by ________________; stored by plants to make _________________________ Recap: Carbohydrates 1) How many electrons does Carbon have in the 1st energy level? 2nd energy level? 2) Which type of organic molecule is most commonly used as energy for cells? 3) If a carbohydrate has 8 carbon atoms, how many oxygen and hydrogen atoms will it most likely contain? 4) What are the monomers of carbohydrates called? 5) What are the polymers of carbohydrates called? 6) Which polymer of carbohydrates is stored by animals? 7) Which polymer of carbohydrates is stored by plants? •
Lipid Structure • Monomer: _______________ • Polymer: _______________ - Fats, Oils, Cholesterol, Waxes • Phospholipid: - Structure (3 parts): • “Head” = _______________ & ________________ • “Tails” = _________ Fatty acids - Function: Make up the cell ______________ • Triglyceride: - Structure (2 parts): • “Head” = Glycerol • “Tails” = 3 Fatty acids • Function: Provide _______________ for cells, insulation - Cholesterol: Gives cell membrane ______________ Saturated Fatty Acids • Long chain of C‐C bonds (all _________________ bonds) • Each __________ is “saturated” with __________ atoms - Common in _______________ fats • Health Alert! - Solid at room temps; more likely to clog veins Unsaturated Fatty Acids • Chain with C=C bonds ( _______________ bonds) - Double bonds ________________ H from attaching - Double bonds makes the chain ________________ • Unsaturated: _____________ space for H atoms - Common in _______________ • Health Alert! - Liquid at room temps; Less likely to clog veins Recap: Lipids 1) What are the three parts of a phospholipid called? a. Which part is the “head”? b. Which part are the “tails”? How many? 2) What are the 2 parts of a triglyceride called? a. Which part is the “head”? b. Which part are the “tails”? How many? 3) How do saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ? 4) Which lipid gives cells their flexibility? 5) Why are saturated fats less healthy?
Nucleic Acid Basics • Contain instructions to build _____________ • Two types: - ________________ - ________________ • Composed of smaller units called _______________ - Monomer: _________________ - Polymer: _______________ Nucleotide Structure • Three parts - ______________________________ Draw a Nucleotide - ______________________________ - ______________________________ • Adenine • _______________ • Guanine • _______________ • Nucleotides combine to make __________________________ • Instructions for ______________ to make _______________ Monomers link to make Polymers! • Nucleic Acids - Monomer = ________________ - Polymer = ________________ • How many nucleotides are pictured? _____ What is this chain of nucleotides called? ________________ DNA • Double Helix: __________ chains of nucleotides • Four DNA bases: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine - A pairs with __________ & __________ pairs with G • Gene: _______________ of DNA that ________________ for a _______________ RNA • _____________ chain of nucleotides • RNA bases: Adenine, _________________, Cytosine, Guanine • Function: Help cells with the creation of _________________ Recap Nucleotides 1) Name the polymer of nucleotides. 2) Draw and label a nucleotide. 3) How are the four nitrogen bases of DNA abbreviated? 4) What does the phosphate molecule of a nucleotide bond with? 5) What do you call a section of DNA that codes for a protein? 6) If the DNA nitrogen bases were TACCGGAT, how would the attached DNA strand read? 7) How are DNA and RNA different?
Protein Basics • Used in variety of ___________________ functions • Made of smaller amino acids – Monomer: _____________________________ – Polymer: _____________________________ • Only _________ amino acids… but _____________ of proteins – Exact _______________ of amino acids _______________ the protein Amino Acid Structure • 5 basic parts 1) Central _______________ atom 2) ______________ group (NH2) 3) ___________ 4) _____________ group (COOH) 5) __________ group • What differs between amino acids? ____________________ Enzymes • Types of _______________ • Enzyme: Lowers the ______________ needed to ______________ chemical reactions – Ex: Break down food • Sensitive to _______________, _______________, _______________ – Ex: If high fever: enzymes lose ability to work • Very _______________ in actions (lock & _______________ model) – Ex: Amylase: Breaks starch into simple sugars • _______________ • Helps to maintain ____________________ Recap: Proteins & Enzymes 1) What are the smaller monomers that make proteins called? 2) How many different amino acids exist? 3) How does each amino acid differ? 4) The NH2 part of the amino acid is called the ____ group. 5) The COOH part of the amino acid is called the ____ group. 6) Which group of proteins help to start chemical reactions? 7) What can cause an enzyme to denature? 8) Explain the lock and key analogy as it relates to enzymes.