APUSH Student Review Outlines, 2006 Table of

APUSH Student Review Outlines, 2006 Table of Contents Events and People in Colonial America to 1763- Hillary  Fairbanks………..2 American Revolution- Causes, Main events, Effects- Kelsey  Matson……...5   Articles of Confederation/Constitution- David  Shields……………………..9 Washington  &  Adams’  Presidencies- Nicole  Huard……………………….12   Jefferson  and  Madison’s  Presidency- Brooke  Van  Wingerten…………….15 History of Political parties before the Civil War- Kristen  White…………..18 Diplomacy and Wars: 1814-1850- Kyle  Easton……………………………21 Economy: Tariffs, Inventions, ONIEDA: 1812-1850- Fiona  Redmond…..25 Westward Movement, Manifest Destiny 1800-1850- Jaspreet  Singh……...27 Jackson’s  Presidency- Tea Mladenovic……………………………………………..30 American Culture 1810-1860-Dustin  Montague…………………………...33 Sectionalism and Causes of the Civil War- Bion  Johnson…………………37 Civil War (main events, effects) and Reconstruction- Kellen  Oetgen…….40   Immigration, 1865-1900- Emily  Schick……………………………………44 Politics and Domestic Policies, Gilded Age (1865-1900)- Greg Turk……..46   Economy, 1865-1917 (people, events, stats)- Hallee  Hyatt………………..50   Westward movement, 1865-1900- George  Huang…………………………53 Progressive Movement, 1900-1919- Chris  Ihlan…………………………..58 America becomes a World Power, 1890-1917 – John  Farris………………61 Foreign Policy 1918-1941- James  Schacht………………………………...66   Labor Movement, 1865-1910- Sarah  Jenkins……………………………...70 Domestic issues/Policies 1919-1932- Sarah  Knauft……………………….73 Civil Rights Movement, 1940-1970- Jay  Chen…………………………….77 Women’s  Issues  in  American History- Ana  Sheppard……………………..79 Social Issues, Culture, Nativism 1920-1930- Luis  Martinez………………82 Domestic issues/Policies- Terms to Know 1919-1932- Courtney Violette..85 New Deal Policies and their effects 1933-1939- Josh  Burdick…………….89     WW II- entry, main events, people, effects on US- Greg  Pierce…………..92   Domestic policy/Events, 1961-1980- Ari  Diamant…………………...……97     Foreign Policy, 1945-1980- Will  Josh……………………………………100     Social Issues and Culture, 1945-1960- Melissa  Challendar……………...103 Social Issues and Culture, 1961-1992- Vivian  Pauley…………………...107 Key Supreme Court Cases- Janell  Murry…………………………………111 Key Presidential Elections 1789-1896- Shelly  Finnigan………..………..115 Key Presidential Elections, 1900-2000- Andrew  Ohana………………….118

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People in Colonial America to 1763 Religion A. In Europe 1517- Luther begins Protestant reformation- believed that the Bible alone was God’s  word.    This  notion  created  division  throughout  Europe  for  a  century Calvinism- God is all powerful and all-good, Humans were weak and wicked; “predestination”:  God  had  chosen  the  elect  few  for  heaven. 1629- Charles I sanctions anti-Puritan persecutions in England. B. Puritans 1. Separatists, form Plymouth bay 1620- Separatists-aka pilgrims (Puritans who separated from the Church of England) sail on Mayflower to Plymouth Bay. 2. Non-Separatists, form Massachusetts Bay Colony 1629- Massachusetts Bay Colony is formed by Congregationalists (Puritans who wanted to reform the Church of England from within). John Winthrop, the 1st Governor, led the group. “City upon a Hill” speech made by Gov. Winthrop; Colony was to be a beacon to humanity, a holy society that would be a model for humankind. 1662- “Half  Way  Covenant”: Puritans gave membership to those who were not  “visible  saints”.  Church  was  losing  power  and  needed  more  voters. ***Neither the Separatists nor the Congregationalists tolerated religious freedom. C. Other stuff 1. 1634- Lord Baltimore founds Maryland as a refuge for catholics. 2. 1635- Thomas Hooker founds Hartford in order to have a more liberal colony 3. 1635 Roger Williams banished from Mass. Bay- had ideals of separation of Church and State. 4. 1636 Williams founds Rhode Island, freedom of religion, manhood suffrage 5. 1638- New Haven created by Puritans who wanted a closer church-state connection. 1662 Merged with Connecticut charter. 6. 1638 Anne Hutchinson banished from Mass. Bay Colony for having extreme views on Pre-Destination- the truly saved need not bother to obey God. 7. 1649- Act of Toleration in Maryland. Allows freedom of religion only to Christians 8. 1681 William Penn, a Quaker, founds Pennsylvania. Freedom of worship at first, but pressure from London- deny Jews and Catholics from voting/holding office. 9. Salem Witch Trials- 1692, division in Salem. The poor accuse the wealthy of bewitchment. 20 are executed. It grew from unsettled social and religious conditions. The 1st Great Awakening: 1730s and 1740s - Jon.  Edwards  preached  on  Clavinism,  details  of  Hell:  “Sinners  in  the  Hands  of   an  Angry  God” - George Whitefield-emotionalism and spiritualism in Christianity. - “New  lights”  supported  the  revival - Broke down sectional boundaries and united the people- 1st mass movement of the people 2

Mercantilism: Economical power; export more than import and control of currency - 1650- 1st Navigation Act: Restricted trading to and from the colonies to English vessels. - “Enumerated”  products:  could  only  be  shipped  to  England  or  other  English   colonies- like tobacco, sugar, cotton, and indigo - Forbidden to export some products for they would compete w/ Eng. Markets - England forbade colonies from certain reforms-like curbing down slave trade. - +:  laxly  enforced  through  “salutary  neglect”,  restrictions  could  easily  be   evaded, easy to smuggle, tobacco had monopoly of Brit. Market. - Average American was better off than the avg. Englishman. - 1733 Molasses Act: tax on sugar and molasses imported into the colonies from the West Indies- protective tariff. Government 1619- House of Burgesses is set up in Chesapeake, first mini parliament 1620- Mayflower Compact is created by the Pilgrims at Plymouth, majority rule Town Meetings were held in many towns in New England. All voters would gather to discuss local issues. 1639 Fundamental Orders of Connecticut: a modern constitution, started a democratic regime. 1686- Dominion of New England: result  of  England’s  need  to  restore  power  in   the colonies. Governed by New York gov. Sir Edmund Andros. Opposed by colonists 1754 Albany Plan of Union: 7/13 colony delegates met during Fr. And Indian war in order to achieve greater colonial unity. Franklin creates snake cartoon: “Join  or  Die” 1734-1735: John Peter Zenger Trials: Zenger printed an article about a corrupt royal official- Achievement for freedom of press 1763- Treaty of Paris: Ends French and Indian War, Blow to native tribes, France out of Canada, Spain out of Florida. Economy A. Slavery Headright system- granted large amount of land to anyone who brought over a certain amount of colonists. Indentured Servants- Gave so many years of servitude to a person who paid their passage to the colonies. 1612- John Rolfe grows tobacco: creates economical foundation, stripped the soil and promoted the plantation system. 1619- 20 African slaves are sold (by the Dutch), the first in the colonies 1661- Barbados Slave Codes deny rights to slaves, set up the system for futurethe treatment of slaves 1676- Bacon’s  Rebellion- Nathaniel Bacon led an uprising protesting Governor  Berkeley’s  neglect  of  calls  for  a  stronger  military  presence  in   the frontier to end problems caused by Indian hostility. Changed the flow of labor: black slave labor increases. 3

1739- Stono Rebellion: 1st major slave rebellion, 50+ blacks tried to march to Florida, stopped by local militia Wars A. With Indians 1644- Powhatan Confederacy destroyed by settlers in Virginia. 1675-1676- King  Philip’s  War: last Indian war in New England, against Metacam (King Philip). The war was the result of tension caused by encroaching white settlers. 1737- Pequot War: Indians attacked settlement in New England (killed 9), the colonists in return burned the main Pequot village (killed about 400) B. Problems with France - 1608- Quebec was founded by Samuel de Champlain, friendly to Indians - French move around area- fur trapping - 1688-1763: 4 wars in Europe - 1754-1763: French and Indian war: begins at Fort Necessity - 1756 Brit. Invades Canada - End of War results: France out of N. America, England gets Florida - ***War shows that England is not invincible - ***The friction btwn Colonies and Brit, little unity, Brit. Look down upon colonists. Early Settlements: 1. 1587 Sir Walter Raleigh, Roanoke Island, 1590 colony disappears 2. 1607- Jamestown founded by Virginia joint-stock Co. John Smith imposes a martial law. 1609- starving time Other -1670- Carolina created in hopes of creating plantations and products to export. -1733 Georgia founded by James Oglethorpe. Was a buffer state to protect Carolina from the Spanish and French. Debtors haven. Slow to grow due to unhealthful climate. South Colonies: Maryland, Virginia, N and S Carolina, Georgia - Many exports/agriculture; staple crops: tobacco, rice; slavery, - Scattered plantations and farms slowed growth of cities; difficult to establish churches and schools. - Supported the Church of England - Settlers moved west due to soil corruption Middle Colonies: NY, NJ, Delaware, Pennsylvania: - fertile soil, broad land, staple: grain - Had rivers, fur trade, forests-lumber - Most ethnically mixed, and tolerant of religion New England: Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire - poorest soil, least prosperous - farming made up for lack of soil; fishing and merchant marine - Highly religious - Large towns, close knit communities 4

The American Revolution CAUSES Distance Colonists left to get away from old world (religious, economic reasons) 3000 Miles across the Atlantic = weak London government control Different environments (socially, economically, environmentally) Salutary Neglect allows colonies to develop on their own until 1763 Begin to think of themselves as “American” not “British” Mercantilism Belief that power is measured by $; purpose of colonies is to bolster mother  country’s  treasury  (good  for  Britain,  bad  for  colonies) Navigation Laws (1650s) – to prevent Dutch shippers from getting a cut on colonial trade o Commerce to and from colonies must be in English ships o European-bound goods must pass through England o Certain products (like tobacco) can only be shipped to England o Colonies cannot make their own stuff if they can import it from England o Until 1763 they were laxly enforced (Americans never got used to regarding them) New England and Virginia aren’t  as  profitable  to  British  as  southern  colonies   Massachusetts and Virginia emerge as top agitators for revolt Legislation French and Indian War causes £140 million debt Virtual Representation; “No  taxation  without  representation” George Grenville orders navy to strictly enforce Navigation Acts (1763) Proclamation of 1763 restricts settlement west of Appalachians Sugar Act (1764) – 1st law passed for raising tax revenue in the colonies for the crown o Lowered substantially after much protest Quartering Act (1765) – Requires colonists to provide room + board to British troops Stamp Act (1765) – Mandates stamps on 50 items; irks businessmen, lawyers, newspapermen o Stamp Act Congress – Formed to ask for repeal  Colonies unite to non-importation against Brits, make own goods  Stamp Act repealed after pressure from Brit merchants Declaratory Act – Replaces Stamp Act to save face o London  has  “total  control”  over  colonies   Townshend Acts (1767) – Indirect tax still irks Americans, esp. tea tax (1 million tea-drinkers) New York legislature suspended for not complying with Quartering Act (1767) 5

Tea Act (1773) – Gave monopoly to East India Company for tea sold in colonies o Boston Tea Party – In response to tea tax (tea was actually cheaper, but colonists felt tricked into tax) Coercive/Intolerable Acts (1774) – Brit response to Tea Party; intended to punish Boston o Boston Port Act – Closes Boston harbor o Massachusetts Government Act – No town meetings; military rule, no trial by jury o Quebec Act – Conquered French keep traditions and extends their territory to Ohio River Valley Other Sons and Daughters of Liberty – Enforce non-importation against Brittan o Led by Samuel Adams Committees of Correspondence – Used as a means of communicating grievances and coordinating action against Great Britain Boston Massacre (1770) – 60 colonists bully redcoats, redcoats fire back and kill five, including Crispus Attucks o Only 2 found guilty of manslaughter but later released First Continental Congress (1774) – In Philadelphia; delegates from every colony except Georgia o Established to enforce boycotts The Association – Calls for complete boycott of Brit goods Lexington minutemen slaughtered at the Battle of Lexington (Apr. 1775) Second Continental Congress – All colonies; still conservative; main goal was to stop fighting o Issues “Declaration  of  Causes  and  Necessity  of  Taking  Up  Arms” – Called on all the colonies to provide for war effort Olive Branch Petition issued as last effort to make up and prevent bloodshed o Rejected by King George Thomas Paine writes Common Sense, calling for freedom and a democratic republic Declaration of Independence – June  7,  ’76  Congress-leader Richard Henry Lee declares them independent states o July 2 this is adopted; July 4 formally approved by congress

THE WAR People Important Americans (and supporters): G. Washington, Ethan Allen (guerilla leader), George Rogers Clark (frontier military leader), John Paul Jones (navy), B. Franklin, J. Adams, Sam Adams, T. Jefferson, J. Hancock, John Jay (negotiates treaty), Baron von Steuben (Prussian-American drillmaster), Horatio Gates (General at Saratoga), Benedict Arnold (traitor)

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Important British (and supporters): King George III, Gen. William Howe, Gen. John Burgoyne, Chief Joseph Brant (Mohawk), Gen. Cornwallis, Lord North Other: Catherine the Great (Russia), King Louis XIV (France) Battles Lexington and Concord (1775) – 1st shots of revolution, begins war Bunker/Breeds Hill (1775) – British won, but at great cost; demonstrated that America will stand o Am. Major William Prescott: “Don't  shoot  until  you  see  the  whites  of   their  eyes!” Saratoga (1778) – Turning point; prompts open support by Fr.; prompts offer of home rule by Britain Yorktown (1781) – General Cornwallis surrenders; battle that ends the war Other Events League of Armed Neutrality (1780) – To protect neutral shipping; Formed by Catherine The Great o Russia, Denmark-Norway, Sweden, Holy Roman Empire, Prussia, Portugal, The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies o Turns it into a world war, takes focus away from America o Other enemies of Britain: America, France, Spain, Holland, Ireland Treaty of Paris (1783) – Negotiated by Franklin, Adams, Jay o US gets big boundaries, Newfoundland fisheries o Nothing passed to prevent payment of debts to Brit collectors o Loyalists cant be persecuted anymore; Congress recommends giving back Loyalist property

EFFECTS Immediate A new nation forms Articles of Confederation Constitution America is now alone, without British protection, trade British resentment War of 1812, extended animosity, French alliance 80,000 Loyalists run away Lack of conservatism Increasing support for equality Difficulties  in  raising  $  through  taxes  (that’s  why  they  rebelled) America got military experience – but  doesn’t  get  a  very  big  military  for  a  long   time Revolutionary figures brought to forefront in new nation – Washington, Adams, Jefferson, etc. Limited respect from other nations – America  doesn’t  have  much  so  other  nations pick on them Land speculators get rich from acquired land Manufacturing  gets  jumpstarted  because  they  aren’t  getting  it  from  Britain America has to find new customers for exports, but foreign countries opened up for trade Profiteers make up to 300% 7

Average citizen is worse off than before the war; inflation ruins many All colonies dispute acquired land Distant Manifest destiny extends US across the continent; US becomes world superpower Conflict of confederacy (compact theory) vs. union leads states to Civil War Democratic nation sets precedent of democracy for European nations Sets Prescient for winning wars (US undefeated until Vietnam)

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The Presidency of George Washington 1789-1796 2 terms

1789- George Washington inaugurated- first president

Judiciary Act- Court system, Chief Justice, first attempts at securing checks and balances French Revolution- we  don’t  help  France 1791- The Bill of Rights I. Freedom of speech, press religion assembly II. Right to keep and bear arms III. No quartering without consent IV. Against search and seizure V. Not subjected to same offense twice, be deprived of like, liberty, or property VI. Right to speedy trial VII. Guaranteed trial by jury VIII. No excessive bail, fines or cruel and unusual punishment IX. Rights not confined to what is written X. Powers not delegated to U.S. are reserved to states First Bank of the United States is established Hamilton’s  Plan- debt is good, tie interests of rich, promote home manufacturing, alliance with Britain - Fund Debt - Protective tariff - Bank 1793- Cotton Gin invented by Eli Whitney Neutrality Proclamation- America stayed neutral between Britain and France 1794- The Whiskey Rebellion- Poor  farmers  don’t  want  to  pay  excise  tax Wash. uses troops to put down (strong federal Gov.) 1795- Jays Treaty- with Britain- US will not trade with ports opened during war time that was closed during peace time- Britain will leave forts (Not really) and will allow US to trade in Asia Pinckney’s  Treaty- With Spain- free navigation of Mississippi River, rights of deposit in New Orleans 1796- Washington’s  Farewell Address -No political Parties - 2 Terms -Peace Time Alliances Washington’s  cabinet  (makes cabinet) -Thomas Jefferson (Secretary of State) -Alexander Hamilton (Secretary of Treasury) -Henry Knox (Secretary of War) -Edmund Randolph (Attorney General)

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Adam’s  Presidency Election of 1796: Federalists- John Adams Demo-Rep- Jefferson

1796- John Adams (Federalist) President 1796-1800 1 Term

When in office -had  to  fill  Washington’s  shoes -hated  by  Hamilton  who  headed  the  “High  federalists” -inherited the French conflict French  angry  over  Jay’s  Treaty French: - Thought it was a step towards alliance with Britain and violation of FrancoAmer. Treaty of 1778 - Seize Amer. 300 merchant vessels by 1797- refuse to see Amer. envoy - Adams send an envoy of 3 men (incl. John Marshall) XYZ Affair - French Ask for $$$ to talk with Talleyrand

War Fever -Navy Department Created -US marine Corps est. -10,000 men army authorized

Talleyrand concedes to allow Amer. Foreign minister Meet with Napoleon Boneparte →Convention of 1800 -signed (treaty) → Amer. pays damages of Amer. shippers and French annul the marriage between the two Leads to: anti-French craze → Federalists seek to minimize Jeffersonian influence (immigrants, editors)

Alien and Sedition Acts -

Alien: raised residence requirement Sedition: Heavy fine and imprisonment for anyone who impeded the policies of the Gov. of falsely defamed its officials - Alien and Sedition Acts converted many to Jeffersonian Sedition Acts- direct conflict with constitution, but supreme court filled with Federalists

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Jefferson reacts to Alien and Sedition Acts with Kentucky Resolution Madison with Virginia Resolution (Jefferson scared his party would be stomped out by Sedition laws. Compact Theory – 13 sovereign states create the government= states are final judge -

Federalists

advocated rule by “best  people” (rich and educated” distrusted full democracy Strong central government support private enterprise (protective tariffs) Pro-British in Foreign Affairs Loose interpretation of constitution Powerful Central Bank Restrictions on free speech and press Strong Navy Merchants, Manufacturers, Shippers on East coast

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Jeffersonians Pro-Democracy Weak central Gov. with states rights Strict interpretation of constitution Agriculture Nothing special for manufacturers or business Pro-French Pro-State Banks Minimal Navy Support in South and Southwest

The Jefferson and Madison Presidencies Jefferson - Terms Served: 2 Terms (1801-1809) - Election of 1800: TJ tied with Aaron Burr- was determined by House of Representatives- TJ won due to some representatives not voting. o Marked the Peaceful Revolution- change in power that all agreed with-ended power of the Federalist Party. - Election of 1804: Democratic-Republican Nominee-Jefferson-though disloyal VP Burr was dropped from the ticket, replaced with George Clinton. Federalist Candidate- Charles Pinckney. - Things to Know about Jefferson o Southerner- interpreted the Constitution strictly o Head of Democratic-Republicans o Wrote Declaration of Independence, Virginia Resolution o For Limited Government, States Rights, No Alliances

TJ Domestic

- Naturalization Law: (1802) Five years residency needed to become a citizen; pardons those jailed by Sedition Act. - Repealed the excise tax- tax on domestic products (whiskey) - Reduced the size of the military (navy)- to prevent dictatorship - Judiciary Act of 1801: Limited the # of justices on the Supreme Court to 5. o Repealed  Adam’s  Midnight Judges in 1802, replaced with an additional judge, making 6 total. - Marbury v. Madison: (1803) Judicial Review- Supreme Court can declare a law unconstitutional- Supreme Court has the final word. 1st congressional act declared unconstitutional. o Samuel Chase Impeached- TJ attempted to impeach the justice in retaliation to the decision. Chase found not guilty. - Cumberland Road: or National Road. One of the first major improved highways. - Slave Importation: Halted on January 1, 1808, as promised, although did continue illegally.

TJ Foreign

- Louisiana Purchase: (1803) TJ bought the land of Trans Mississippi from Napoleon-15 million-doubled America’s  size.  TJ  called  it  “empire  for  liberty”;;  sent:  Lewis and Clark out to explore. Strengthened US claims to west. - Non Importation Act: (1808) Due to Impressment of American Sailors by British. US couldn’t    import  goods  from  Britain  that  could  be  created on American soil. - Embargo Act: (1807) Forbade export of  goods  from  US  in  attempt  to  gain  Europe’s  respect;;   dominated  TJ’s  2nd term; kept US from war- destroyed the economy (especially in New England) Temporarily revived the Federalist Party. o Repealed in March 1809 o Jefferson’s  popularity  tarnished  by  Embargo.

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- Non-Intercourse Acts: Replaced the Embargo. Allowed trade everywhere except with Britain and France. - Tripoli War: Tripoli declared war on US- dissatisfaction with protection money for the Mediterranean Sea o Treaty of 1805-US  paid  $60,000  to  make  sure  that  it  wouldn’t  happen  again. - Mosquito Fleet: Small gunboats during the Tripolian War. Considered ineffective during the war.

Madison

- Terms Served: 2 Terms-1809-1817 - Things to Know about Madison o Democratic Republican o Weak President o Father of the Constitution and War of 1812 o Jefferson’s  Secretary of State - During his presidency, American settlers seized more than 100 million acres of fertile Indian land. - White House burned when British invade Washington, DC - New England Factories – Francis Cabot Lowell

Madison Domestic

- National Bank expired. A second bank was debated by Calhoun, Clay, Webster - 1816 - Bonus Bill Veto: (1817) Act to separate funds for internal improvements. - Hartford Convention: New England colonies met in secrecy for 3 weeks discussing grievances and to seek redress for wrongs. They forgot about the demands when heard news of Ghent and New Orleans. - Star Spangled Banner written by Francis Scott Key when the British attacked Baltimore during the War of 1812 - Warhawks in Congress

Madison Foreign

- Annexed Western Florida (1810) - Battle of Tippecanoe: American response to Tecumseh’s  organized    group  of  Indians  with   British help. - “On to Canada”: Desire to take Canada as a colony. - Macon’s Bill No. 2: (1810) Non-Intercourse Act almost expired, so if France or Britain changed policies to remove parts violating the US, then they would not trade with the other nation; France agreed- non importation with only Britain. *Cause of War of 1812 - Treaty of Ghent (1814) provided release of prisoners, restoration - War of 1812- declared 1812, ended in 1814

War of 1812 - Causes o Freedom of the Seas- merchants needed freedom of the seas o British Impressment of American Sailors 16

o Anti-British Feelings-Warhawks, Indian attacks, maritime problems o Macon’s Bill No. 2 - Effects o Treaty of Ghent  Commission to settle US Canada Border  Nationalism  North could strongly oppose war as much as South o Battle of New Orleans  Hartford Convention declared a 2/3 vote of houses majority before war is declared  Strong Patriotism  Economic Boom

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History of Political Parties before the Civil War

A. Start of Political Parties 1. Not in the Constitution 2. Personal feud between Hamilton and Jefferson developed into political rivalry a.  Hamilton’s  domestic  policies  stimulate  formation  of  2  political  camps i. Hamilton Federalists ii. Jeffersonian Democratic- Republicans 3.Early Opinions of Political Parties b. Vice-President John Adams said: "There is nothing which I dread so much as a division of the republic into two parties." c. "If I could not go to heaven but with a party, I would not go there at all." Thomas Jefferson (1789) B. Federalist 1. End of the Federalists a.John Adams last Federalist President of US b. Party sank slowly many died or retired disappeared in Jackson days c.Unable  to  unbend  and  appeal  to  common  people  couldn’t  adapt  and   therefore died d.Last Candidate in 1816 presidential election C. Republicans and Era of Good Feelings 1. James Monroe 1st president of one-party Republicans 2. End of One party a. Before election of 1828, Republicans of Era of Good Feelings split into 2 camps i. Nat’l  Republicans w/ultranationalistic Adams as standard-bearer ii. Democratic- Republicans headed by Andrew Jackson D. Democrats 1. Democratic-Republicans  adopted  name  of  “Jacksonian  Democrat” a. Still major political party today E. Whigs 1. Jackson’s  opponents angered at his exercise of presidential power a. Condemn  him  as  “King  Andrew  I”  formed  Whigs 2. Supporters  of  Clays’  American  System 3. Whigs got support from: a. Southern  states’  righters offended  by  Jackson’s  stand  on  nullification 18

b. Larger northern industrialists and merchants 4. 1st presidential election with Whigs- Election of 1836 a. 1852 Election, Whigs split i. Whigs nominate Winfield Scott ii. Antislavery Whigs of North like him as nominee but dislike his platform iii. Southern Whigs accept platform, dislike candidate iv. Whigs lose led to complete death of Whig Party F. Republicans 1. With the Kansas-Nebraska Act formed Republican party a. Sprang up spontaneously in Middle West as protest against slavery b. Supported by foes of Kansas- Nebraska Act c. Party spreads eastward and erupted with force d. Became a major party quickly e. Still a major political party today Key Presidential Elections A. 1796- John Adams (Fed.) v. Thomas Jefferson (Dem. –Rep.) 1.1st election involving controversy and public slander B. 1800- Thomas Jefferson (Dem.-Rep) v. John Adams (Fed.) and Aaron Burr(Dem. Rep.) 1. Alien and Sedition Acts had turmoil already started 2. Jefferson and Burr same number of electoral votes a Revolution of 1800- transition from Federalists C. 1816- James Monroe (Dem.-Rep.) v. Rufus King (Fed.) 1. Federalists nominate last presidential candidate then the end of the Federalists a. Mainly because of the War of 1812 2. Era of Good Feelings 3. Emergence of Nationalism D. 1820- James Monroe (Dem.-Rep.) v. John Q. Adams (Dem- Rep.) 1. Monroe popular and Federalist opposition weak a. Monroe gets all electoral college votes except one 2. No opposition from any other party E. 1824- John Q. Adams v. Andrew Jackson v. William H. Crawford v. Henry Clay (all Dem-Rep) 1. Jackson  poll  as  many  popular  votes  as  Adams  and  Clay  combined  but  didn’t  win   majority a. Election goes to House of Reps 2. Clay taken out of race b/c had least popular vote (12th Amendment only top 3 candidates) a. Clay the Speaker of House( in position to throw the election to the candidate of his choice) b. Supported Adams and Adams wins c. Later Adams names Clay Secretary of State d. Jackson and supporters charged that Adams and Clay made a “corrupt   bargain” 3. End of Era of Good Feelings F. 1828- Andrew Jackson (Dem) v.  John  Q.  Adams  (Nat’l  Rep.) 19

1. Jackson for the “Common  People”  and  Adams  for  the  “Better  elements” 2. Jackson start campaign early…  Feb.  9,  1825 3.  Election  called  “Revolution  of  1828” a. Permanently split the Democratic- Republican Party b. 1st time all nomination were made by state legislatures and mass meetings instead of by congressional caucuses c. Increases number of voters 4. 1st mudslinging G. 1832- Andrew Jackson (Dem.) v.  Henry  Clay  (Nat’l  Rep.)  v.  William  Wait  (AntiMasonic)  v.        John  Floyd  (Nat’l  Rep.) 1. 1st time  that… a. A 3rd party enter field (Anti-Masonic) b. National political conventions chose the candidates for President 2. Bank of United States chief issue in election H. 1836- Martin Van Buren (Dem.) v. William H. Harrison (Whig) v. Hugh L. White (Whig) v. Daniel Webster (Whig) v. W.P. Mangum (Whig) 1. Jackson too old to run for 3rd term and also rigged the nomination convention by making sure the delegates chose Van Buren I. 1840- William H. Harrison (Whig) v. Martin Van Buren (Dem.) 1. two-party system emerges 2. Van Buren unpopular but Dem. Had no alternative therefore Van Buren Nominated 3. Whigs don’t  chose  their  ablest  statesmen  (Clay  or  Webster) a. Chose ablest vote-getter:  Harrison  (“Old  Tippecanoe”) b. Nominated because he was issueless and enemy-less c. had no platform J. 1844- James K. Polk (Dem.) v. Henry Clay (Whig) v. James G. Birney (Liberty) 1. “Manifest  Destiny” a. Texas a leading issue in campaign – Expansionist Democrats:  “Re-annexation  of  Texas”  and  “Reoccupation   of Oregon”  all  the  way  to  54°  40’ - Whigs:  “All  of  Oregon  or  None”  and  “Polk,  Slavery  and  Texas,  or  Clay,   Union  and      Liberty” K.1848- Zachary Taylor (Whig) v. Lewis Cass (Dem.) v. Martin van Buren (Free Soil) 1. Taylor nominated and had never held civil office or even voted for president a. Clay should’ve  been  nominated,  but  made  too  many  speeches  and  had  too many enemies 2. Cass had experience and ability and got nominated but was disliked a. Father  of  “Popular  Sovereignty” 3. Antislavery men of North distrust Cass and Taylor and organized the Free Soil party a. Were for the Wilmot Proviso and against slavery in the territories b. They  advocated  federal  aid  for  internal  improvements  and  free  gov’t   homesteads for settlers Van Buren diverted votes from Cass and Taylor won L. 1852- Franklin Pierce (Dem.) v. Winfield Scot (Whig) v. John P. Hale (Free Soil) 1. Pierce was weak and indecisive figure a. was enemy-less because he had been inconspicuous b. platform from Compromise of 1850, Fugitive Slave Law 20

2.  Whigs  logically  should’ve  nominated  Fillmore  or  Webster  but  instead  chose  Scott because he was a military hero. a. Whig party split b. End of Whig Party M. 1856- James Buchanan (Dem.) v. John C Fremont (rep) v. Millard Fillmore (American) 1. Democrats don’t  choose  Pierce  or  Douglas  because  both  tainted  by  the  KansasNebraska Act a. chose Buchanan a mediocre, irresolute and confused man b. Platform: popular sovereignty 2.  “Higher  Law”  Seward- Republican  would’ve  won  nomination  if  he  was   confident that this  was  a  “Republican  year” a. They nominated Fremont- little political experiences b. Platform: Against the extension of slavery into the territories 3. American (Know-Nothing party) formed a. Antiforeign and anti-Catholic 4.  Buchanan  didn’t  have  majority  of  popular  vote,  but  won  handily a. Election of 1856 foreshadowed the regional polarization (North and South) N. 1860- Abraham Lincoln (Rep.) v. Stephan A. Douglas (Dem.) v. John C Breckinridge (Dem.) v. John Bell (Constitutional Union) 1. Hung on issue of peace or civil war 2. Democrats a. Deeply divided in Charleston S.C. (1st convention) - Northern wing of party chose Douglas - Southerners regard him b/c of his stand on Lecompton Constitution and the Freeport Doctrine - They walked out:  a  secession  of  southerners  from  Democratic  Nat’l   Convention b.  Try  again  in  Baltimore… (2nd Convention) - Northerners for Douglas, South walk out again, nominate Douglas -Platform: popular sovereignty and obstruction of Fugitive Slave Law by the states - Angered Southern Democrats have own convention and nominate Breckinridge -Platform: extension of slavery into the territories and annexation of Cuba 3. Republicans a. William H. Seward would be the best, except had many enemies with his “irrepressible  conflict”  speech,  second best was Lincoln and Lincoln gets the nomination 4. Election virtually 2 elections one in North and one in South a. With the Democrats splitting, Lincoln won

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Diplomacy and Wars 1814-1850

1812-1816 1. War of 1812-1814 a. Protest the oppression of trade on America b. Stop the continuing impressments c. Protect the idea of mercantilism d. War Hawks; urge to get Canada involved e. Federalist party against the war 2. 1814 – Treaty of Ghent signed at the war ends 3. Hartford Convention – Federalists against war and mercantilism a. New England states sort of threaten succession 4. 1816 – 2nd Bank of the U.S./1st protective tariff a. Henry  Clay’s  American  system  – domestic improvements & protective tariff

Monroe (1816-1824) 1. Protective Tariff of 1816 – Sets tone for high tariffs in future 2. 1817 – Rush-Bagot Disarmament - Veto of Bonus Bill – Bill for domestic improvements 3. Panic of 1817 – Banks  can’t  pay  off  loans 4. McCulloch vs. Maryland – Enforced 2nd Bank of the U.S. 5. Dartmouth College vs. Woodward – Board interpretation of contract 6. Transcontinental Treat – Acquire Florida From Spain 7. Missouri Compromise – Maine free state Missouri slave state; equal balance 8. Monroe Doctrine – No further colonization in the hemisphere

Quincy Adams (1824-1828) 1. Election of 1824 – Quincy defeats Jackson and Clay a. Corrupt Bargain 2. Gibbons vs. Ogden – Interstate trade controlled by the Feds 3. PAN American Conference

Jackson (1828-1836) 1. Election of 1828 – Jackson promises less executive power, internal improvements lower debt 2. Maysville Road Veto a. Beginning of the most active president of his time (12 vetoes) 3. 1830 – Baltimore and Ohio Railroads begin construction a. Beginning of railroad trend 4. 1831-1838 Trail of Tears – Indians moved to Oklahoma a. Reservation concept intensified. 5. Tariff of 1832 – Tariff raised - Force Bill passed 22

- Veto to re-charter the U.S. Bank - Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia 6. Seminole War (1835-1842) a. Sauk and Fox braves defeated in Florida 7. Texas War for Independence (1835-1836) a. Immigration laws set by Mexico are ignored by Americans. b. Battles of the Alamo, Goliad, and San Jacinto are fought; Americans win and Rio Grande becomes the boarder 8. 1836 – Gag Order – All petitions and ideas of abolishing slavery will be ignored by the senate

Van Buren (1836-1840) 1. Van Buren defeats Harrison in the election of 1836 2. 1837 – Republic of Texas is recognized by U.S. 3. Charles Bridge vs. Warren Bridge – Gov’t  can  stop  corporations  from  becoming   too powerful 4. Panic of 1837 a. Partly  due  to  Jackson’s  withdrawals  from  the  national  bank 5. 1838-1839 Aroostook War – Dispute over the boarder of Maine and New Brunswick (not much of a war, no fighting, no fatalities)

Harrison/Tyler (1840-1844) 1. Election of 1840 – Harrison this time defeats Van Buren and puts the Whigs on the board 2. Harrison dies from pneumonia before doing anything; Tyler takes over 3. 1841 – Independent Treasury Act repealed - Vetoes re-charter of the U.S. Bank - Preemption Bill – distribute money made on western lands to the states (didn’t  make  it  through  congress) 4. Webster-Ashburton Treaty – Resolves the Aroostook War; settles boundary dispute - American-Britain relations become stressful a. Carolina Incident – American shit attacked by British b. Creole Incident – Slaves rebel on U.S. ship and are sheltered by British 5. Tariff of 1842 – Back to 1832 tariff state - Dorr Rebellion – In Rhode Island; fight land qualifications to be able to vote 6. 1843 – Oregon Trail 7. 1844 – Annexation of Texas begins

Polk (1844-1848) 1. Election of 1844 – Polk defeats Clay and Birney (Liberty party) 2. 1848 – Taxes Annexation Bill – Texas and Florida allowed into the Union 23

3. 1846-1848 Mexican-American War a. Slidell Mission – Negotiation attempt but turned down by Mexico b. Battle of Buena Vista occurs; Mexico City taken c. 1848 – Treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo signed; America gains lots of land d. Wilmont Proviso – No slavery in the territory acquired from the war – rejected 4. Independent Treasury System is reestablished 5. Walked Tariff Bill passed – lowered the tariff 6. 1847 – Polk Doctrine – reborn Monroe Doctrine - Women’s  Rights  Convention  held  at  Seneca  Falls

Taylor/Fillmore (1848-1852) 1. Taylor defeats Cass in the election of 1848 and scores another one for the Whigs a. Taylor  dies  in  1850  and  Harrison  takes  over;;  the  Whigs  die  out…   literally 2. Rise of Mormons – Some Mormons defy some laws; U.S. troops and sent to attack and straighten them out. Resolved with little bloodshed 3. 1850 – Clay’s  Compromise - California becomes a free state - Popular Sovereignty is established in territories not yet states (mainly in the Midwest) - U.S.  takes  all  of  Texas’  debts - Trading/selling of slaves is banned in Washington D.C. - Fugitive slave law is strengthened 4. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty – U.S. and Britain agree to neutrality over a canal is Central America 5. 1852 – U.S. trade is opened with Japan by Commodore Matthew Perry

1852-1856 1. Election of 1852 – Pierce defeats Scott 2. 1853 – Gadsden Purchase – Land bought from Mexico to build a new railroad 3. 1854 – Kansas-Nebraska Act – Two new states admitted for construction of westward railroad a. Popular sovereignty established in new states; huge conflict between pro and anti slavery people b. Bleeding Kansas c. LeCompton Constitution d. Pottawatomie Massacre by John Brown 4. 1854 – Ostend Manifesto – Attempt to take Cuba – failed - Walker expedition – Raises an army and takes Nicaragua

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Westward Movement, Manifest Destiny 1800-1850 Manifest Destiny is the belief that Americans had the right, or even the duty, to expand westward across the North American continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. This would spread the glorious institutions of civilization and democracy to the barbaric Native Americans. In order to accomplish this destiny, Americans did not flinch at atrocities such as provoking war with Mexico or slaughtering Indians.

LOUISIANA PURCHASE (1803)

LOUISIANA PURCHASE (1803): When  France  obtained  the  territory  from  Spain;;  Jefferson’s  goal  to   purchase the territory was the great port of New Orleans, land West of the Mississippi, as well as the threat of French invasion. Jefferson obtained the territory for $15 million, and was ratified as a treaty by the Senate, though purchasing the territory was Constitutionally illegal and going beyond his presidential rights. From this territory became 14 new state governments. Jefferson a strict interpreter of the Constitution  declared  by  making  the  purchase  that  if  you’re  to  survive  in  the  world  you  have  to  change   over time. Lewis and Clark (1804-1806): They explored the vast territory west of the Mississippi River by the US, when they where commissioned by Jefferson. MISSOURI COMPROMISE (1820): Congress admitted Maine as a free state in 1820 so that Missouri would become a slave state and prohibited slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase territory north of 36 30, the southern boundary of Missouri. The Wilmot Proviso (1846,1847) sought to extend the boundary line westward, blocking slavery and territory north of that line

Canada -The War of 1812 -War Hawks – want Canada join the union -Americans invasion of Canada fails (1812-1813)

Purchase of Florida (1819)

-1818 Jackson Invades Florida -Spain surrendered Florida to the United States in 1819 by the Adams-Onis Treaty, with a sum of five million dollars. This however began a rebellion by the Indians, starting the Seminole War (1835-42), and becoming another reason for Indian hatred of the white man.

MONROE DOCTRINE (1823): U.S. policy was to abstain from European wars unless U.S.

interests  were  involved,  European  powers  could  not  colonize  the  American  continents  and  shouldn’t   attempt to colonize newly independent Spanish American republics. It was used to justify U.S. expansion later on.

Maine (1842) Aroostook War (1838-1839): The Aroostook War was a boundary dispute between settlers in Maine and New Brunswick. Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842): It settled a dispute over the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick.

Texas (1845) -In 1836, Mexican president Santa Anna invaded Texas and was captured and forced to sign a treaty recognizing Texan independence. The Mexican government never recognized this treaty, but could no longer afford to fight, so Texas became the Lone Star Republic. -They drafted a constitution modeled after the United States Constitution -United States recognizes republic of Texas but refuses annexation (1837). Pres. Tyler pushes for it during the lame dick period -Congress passed a joint resolution to annex Texas because of the growing popularity of annexation (1845).

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Oregon (1846)

Treaty of 1818-Monroe’s  Administration- allowed USA to share territory with Britain -Grabbing Oregon would open up a getaway of trade with Asia through the Pacifica and Indians -54’40  Britain  claimed  to  Oregon  Country. -In compromise, a treaty was signed in 1846 giving the United States all of Oregon south of the 49 th parallel. Oregon Fever: During the 1830s and 1840s, many Americans traveled to the Oregon Territory in order to start a new life. Oregon Trail: The Oregon Trail was an overland route to the Oregon territory, Missouri to the Willamette Valley. The pioneers who traveled this trail in wagon trains faced many dangers. Willamette Valley: The Willamette Valley was an area of fertile farmland in the Oregon Territory.

California (1848) -John Slidell Tried to by from Mexico for $25 million, turned down by Mexicans -Gold Rush- Very little people got rich from mining gold, but the people who got rich were those who mined the miners by selling them stuff and providing services. -The California Gold Rush was at its peak in 1852 --This caused many of the people to move westward (There were so many people, that some even sent their clothes to Hawaii to be cleaned). --California was now full of lawless men and virtuous women, which raised crime with robbery, prostitution (brothels, claim jumping, and murder --In San Francisco (1848-1846) there were scores lawless killings, but 3 semillegal hanging took place. -President Taylor wanted California to adopt the US Constitution, which they did in 1849, but excluded slavery --California, feeling large enough applied for state hood and as Compromise of 1850, was given statehood -California conflict was one of the Causes of the Mexicans-American War

MEXICAN CESSION (1846-1848):

Mexican War: The Mexican war lasted from 1846 to 1848. The main cause of the war was American desire for territory, especially Texas and California. Polk proposed  the  war  to  congress  on  the  basis  of  (1)  unpaid  claims  (2)  Slidell’s  rejection. Slidell Mission to Mexico: Slidell was a negotiator sent to Mexico by James Polk with orders to gain Mexico’s  recognition  of  the  independence  of  Texas  and  to purchase California and New Mexico. This territory included California, New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, Texas, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848): This was the peace treaty between the United States and Mexico that ended the Mexican War. It made the southern boundary of Texas the Rio Grande, gave California and New Mexico to the United States, and gave $15 million to Mexico in compensation. COMPROMISE OF 1850: -Passes as separate acts during Fillmore- but violated -California free state -Other area- popular sovereignty -US takes Texas debts -Slave trade banned in Washington -Fugitive Slave Law Strengthened

Gadsden Purchase (1853)

-The Gadsden Purchase was the 1853 treaty in which the United States bought from Mexico parts of what is now southern Arizona and southern New Mexico. -Southerners wanted this land in order to build southern transcontinental railroad.

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Missionaries Second Great Awaking begins (1800) -Baptists  and  Methodists  held”  camp  meetings”  on  frontiers during the pre-civil war era -Peter Cartwright was best known Methodist-converted thousands of souls to the lord and lashed the devil with his words -William  Miller  was  leader  of  the  Millerites  (Adventist)  who  came  out  of  the  “Burned-Over”  regionbelieved  that  Chris  was  coming  back  to  earth  on  Oct.  24,1844.  The  failure  of  Jesus  to  descend  didn’t  ruin   the religion. Mormons -Joseph Smith created Book of Mormon for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- Godey’s  Lady’s  (1830). -Joseph Smith and brother killed (1844) -Brigham Young took over and led his followers to Utah (1846-1847) 5000 people by 1848. -Population grew by immigrants coming over form Europe-missionary movement -BrighamYoung-27 wives, 56 children-governors in 1850 -Polygamy laws delayed stated hood for Utah until 1896

Indians/Native Americans

-Government made treaties with the tribes as sovereign nations -Bureau of Indian Affairs was created in 1836 to look after their needs -By  1820’s,  less  than  125,000  Indian  lived  east  of  the  Mississippi  w/13 million Indian total in the US by 1830 -In 1808, The Cherokee created the Cherokee National Council the legislated a Legal Code they had written for themselves -In 1827, the Cherokee adopted a written constitution -In 1828, Georgia legislature declared Cherokee Tribal Council illegal and asserted its own jurisdiction of their own over Indian affairs and Indian lands -“Trail  of  Tears”(1938-1839) A major trial that is connected to the Indians where the US Army moved 15,000 Cherokees fore their ancestral homelands  in  southwester  US  and  took  them  to  “Indian  Territory”  or   future home Oklahoma. 4000 died on the 116-day journey -Black Hawk (the Indian leader near Missouri) and felloe tribal members were crushed in 1832 by regular federal troops on a mission to gain more land -The Seminole Indian of Florid were defeated in 1837 and most them went to Oklahoma -In 1832 George Catlin discovered the Sioux Indians.

Transportation Railroads -(1828) First railroad in United States- Gadsden Purchase made so RR could go through South Water -(1807) Robert  Fulton’s  first  steamboat- Steamships created an efficient means of transporting goods upstream, and this led to an increase in the building of canals. -(1817-1825) Erie Canal construction- Stretching 363 miles from Albany to Buffalo, it was longest canal in western world at the time. It was a symbol of progress. -(1843-1846) Era of Clipper ships- During the Gold Rush, from 1849 to 1857, clipper ships were a popular means to travel to California quickly Highways -(1811-1852) Cumberland Road Construction- The National Road was a highway across America. Its crushed-stone surface helped and encouraged many settlers to travel into the frontier west.

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Jackson’s  Presidency   Era of Good Feelings After War of 1812 free from partisan battles Tradition: Secretary of State succeeding to the presidency est. (Washington-Jefferson; Jefferson--Madison; Madison--Monroe; Monroe--J.Q. Adams) Election  1824…Jackson  gets  more  votes  than  Adams,  Clay,  Crawford Corrupt Bargain w/Clay & Adams Election (Jackson: Demo-Rep.  &  J.Q.  Adams:  Nat’l  Rep.) Jackson ran for president as a representative of the common man, not as as part of the establishment elites Ran/elected 1828 Won over S. and W. Many ppl voted b/c of political issues (slavery) Power shifted: E. to W., rich to poor Elected during Western movement: Nationalism: -appreciates  wilderness:  paintings+lit.+conservation  (e.g.  Yellowstone…1872) Jacksonian  Democracy…rep.  of  common  man -In general: He took advantage by the 1820's, almost all states = eliminated remainder: property qualifications for voting = all white males could vote (universal white male suffrage). Growth of economy b/c ppl understood banks, tariffs, and effect The Revolution of 1828: brought to power to 1st President not rooted in the Eastern aristocracy -Mingling with the Indians: Worcester v. Georgia (1832) = Indians were not subject to the laws of a state. -----Jackson refused to enforce ruling Trail of Tears = Cherokees and other Indian tribes in Southeast U.S. forced march 1200 miles to Oklahoma territory Indian  Removal  Act  (1830)  =  100000+  moved  E.  of  Miss.  R.  =  “Trail  of  Tears” Suak and Fox (led by Black Hawk) resist = crushed in 1842 Seminoles and ex-slaves escape to Everglades = Guerilla War 1935-42 = ends when Osceola captured -Nullification Crisis = South Carolina 1832 Jackson appealed to people of South Carolina to obey national law, obtained authority from Congress (Force Act) to enforce laws any way necessary, and worked out a compromise tariff South Carolina stated opposition to tariff (1832) = continued high rates of Tariff of Abominations (1828)

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-U.S. Bank War Jackson opposed re-charter of Bank because: - Banks = as tools of the rich oppressing poor -Foreclosed mortgages on farmers -No issuance of paper money by state banks -Biddle made a # of loans to anti-Jackson politicians = smaller banks gone down -veto = made W. vs E., westerners vs immigrant bankers and investors Jackson forced to appoint new Sec. Of Treasury Hard for W. U.S.A. Bank was anti-w. b/c: -against wildcat banks that fund expansion -$ sent to E. = Plutocratic -Run  by  Biddle…bad  man…bribed  newspaper  ppl  and  made  loans Bank = not bad: - restrained fly-by night banks - reduced bank failures - economic expansion w/credit and good $ -Wildcat banks (created in wake of U.S. Bank's failure) Money in circulation incres. + 300% Loans made increase. + 400% Inflation rose as loans made to land speculators Sales: western land increas. from 4 million acres (1832) to 20 million acres (1836) -Misc. Bank info States borrowed much $ = internal improvements = increase. state indebtedness Jackson gave fed. gov. surpluses to states = stimulated spending and inflation To check the inflationary spiral = Jackson made specie circular = required gold and silver for land purchases. Panic of 1837 b/c: -English bankers called in loans to states and investors -Gold supplies = used up = prevented banks from making payments = forced failures -TX and Mexico Mex. City land grant = Austin to bring 300 U.S. families to TX -Families = become Catholic Mexicans Conflict w/Mexico b/c: -slavery -local rights -immigration TX…1836  declares  indep. U.S. public favored TX Jackson  didn’t  like  TX’s  overlords  (Houston): -but…had  to  recognize  TX’s  indep.  B/c  if  didn’t  =  slavery  prob. -Election 1832: Nat’l  Rep.  Clay  (BUS+big  $) 31

Anti-Masonic Party (anti-secretive+anti-Jackson) Jackson won (won over W, S, NY, Penn.)

Effects  of  Jackson’s  Prez. -Changed the Nation Made nation into more nationalistic country Showed that the W. = the future…growth   Much use: pres. veto = Jackson strengthened the executive branch = equal in power to the legislative branch Made Dem. Party stronger = re-energized Led com. ppl to vote and showed could be trusted w/vote

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American Culture

1810-1860 Education- first state-supported (i.e public) school had been founded 1795; est’ment

of similar facilities continued throughout the first half of the 19 century:

improved public literacy

 Early 1800s: higher ed of women discouraged (women’s place believed to be in home-cult of domesticity); however more girls attended public grade schools  Horace Mann (1st Sec of State Board of Ed): campaigned for more and better schools, higher wages and better schooling for teachers, longer school terms, “expanded curriculum” in Mass.- wanted unity of local schools into state system of education  Training of lawyers/physicians became emphasized 1780s-1820s: Harvard Law School est’d 1817; by 1825 majority of notable uni’s had medical facilities  1819: U of VA est’d (designed by T Jefferson); encouraged modern lang & science  1821: Emma Willard est’d Troy Fernale Seminary in NY: encouraged higher ed for women  1828: Webster published Dictionary  1830s: WH McGuffey published gradeschool readers (taught patriotism, morality, idealism)  1837: Mary Lyon est’d Mount Holyoke Seminary in Mass.  1837: Oberlin UI permitted co-education (also previously admitted Af-Am students; 1st U to admit women)  2GA encouraged est’ment of denominational colleges (mostly is S and W)  Libraries became tax-supported (i.e. publicly available)

Transcendentalism and Literature- Between 1810-1860 new Am form of literature developed mostly in New England, influenced by German and Asian philosophies/religious trends; greatly reliant upon new ideal of transcendentalism and played upon nativism

 In part spurred on by Thomas Paine’s The Age of Reason (1794; asserted that all churches were organized to “terrify and enslave mankind, and monopolize power and profit”)  1821: James Fenimore Cooper published The Spy, Leatherstocking Talespopular novels with youth

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 1830s: Transcendentalism =idea of supremacy of God above all human limitations; relied on science/reason rather than revelation/Bible (Oversoul can be reached only by transcending of truth)  1830: Godey’s Lady Book magazine first printed- magazines widely circulated, thus spreading cultural trends/reforms quickly to wide audiences  1835: New York Herald was the 1st successful daily penny newspaper to be published- news became commonly available at cost- effective price, allowing for unification of political/social trends  1837: Emerson delivered “The Am Scholar” address at Harvard-urged Am authors to look toward purely Am topics for literature instead of following Euro tradition  1850: Nathaniel Hawthorne published The Scarlet Letter  1851: Herman Melville published Moby Dick  1855: Walt Whitman published Leaves of Grass Henry Longfellow, John Whittier, William Bryant and EA Poe also emerged as Am poets (wrote chiefly about manifest destiny, the frontier,

‘new lands’)

RW Emerson’s essays about individualism: beginnings of “American

Dream” – he was best known as transcendentalist author Thoreau’s Walden (1854), On the Duty of Civil Disobedience =

rebellion/criticism of industrialism; gave strong influence on ‘furthering idealistic thought’ both in domestic and foreign philosophies; later encouraged Gandhi and MLK toward nonviolence

 Washington Irving wrote Rip Van Winkle and stories about early Dutch settlers

Religion-Like literature, religion also became distinctly Am as tolerance for diversity allowed emergence of different creeds 

1800: 2nd Great Awakening arose as result to liberal religion (caused:

prison reform, temperance cause, women mov’t, abolitionism, humanitarian reforms o

Spread by: camp meetings

o Missionaries went to Hawai’i, Asia and in the W with Native Am’s 

Baptists, Methodists est’d- Democratic management of church affairs; stress on personal conversion rather predestination and emphasized emotionalism o

Peter Cartwright- best known Methodist frontier preacher: spent 50 years in TN and IL to convert ppl

o Charles Finney- greatest revival preacher (led massive revivals in NYC and Rochester, 1831 and 1830)

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

Growing sectionalism over slavery caused divisions in religion (separation of churches followed closely 1st by division of N & S politics and then states)

1844-1845: N & S Baptists/Methodists split over issue of slavery

o

o 1857: N & S Presbyterians divide over slavery



1830: Joseph Smith founds Mormon Church: 1st truly American religion

to be est’d 

1846-1847: Migration of Church of Latter- Day Saints (Mormons) to UT- led to Brigham Young o

Beginnings of Mormonism in Euro brought multitude of immigrants to UT

o 1857: US gov’tal troops marched against Mormons to regain control of UT (unsuccessful- led to -1862, 1882 anti-polygamy laws which delayed statehood)

 Rise of denominational diversity; emergence of cult-like Adventists (Millerites)

Women’s Mov’t-although much of the advances occurred post-Civil War (supported

esp by the 14th Amend) many of the roots of progression occurred in reaction to the 2GA; improvements made possible largely through success of war-time economy (i.e. prosperity) post-War of 1812:Industrial Revolution 1837: Oberlin College admits female students 1839: Mass 1st state to allow women to own property post-marriage (rather than bequeathing it to husband) 1843: Dorothea Dix petitioned Mass. Legislature on behalf of the insane 

Result: major improvements and reformed conceptions that insane were NOT willfully evil but rather mentally ill

1848: Seneca Falls Woman’s Rights Convention (organized/led by Susan B. Anthony, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Stanton 

Produced Declaration of Sentiments calling for equality of the sexes and suffrage (launched modern women’s rights mov’ts)

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1849: Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell graduated as 1st Am female Dr- women not only becoming involved in industry but in service professions, as well

Cult of Domesticity- woman’s sphere believed to be in the home; “Feminist” mov’t went directly against this traditional logic 

Women viewed as “keepers of society’s conscience” (Rep motherhood)

Other Notable Aspects of Am Social CultureLyceum lecture associations significantly aided spread of cultural change Children’s clubs (ex: Cold Water Army) est’d Rise of “reformism” –general demand for change; encouraged by religious reforms- eventually concentrated on abolitionism

 Reformism = effort to restore traditional values  Women esp prominent re: suffrage

Nationalism rose as a result: 1. Growth of agriculture/industry (encouraged prosperity) 2. Common language and history of colonies (provided means for unification) 3. Natural geographic boundaries (allowed for virtually uninterrupted manifest destiny)

Temperance mov’t to adopt prohibition legislation began 1826: Am Temperance Society formed in Boston  TS Arthur’s Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There (1845) greatly encouraged prohibition

Est’ment of churches/schools/town halls for W settlers aided growth of urban communities in frontier Am music and art also developed (although most significant contributions made immediately post- Revolution)

 Philharmonic Society of Boston founded 1810 (PS of NY founded 1842)  Handel and Haydn Society of Boston formed 1815  Gilbert Stuart, Jonathan Trumbull, Benjamin West, Charles Wilson Peale = most recognized painters

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Sectionalism/Causes of the Civil War (1810-1860)

Themes: Political and States Rights Slavery Economics Cultural Political Events and States Rights -War of 1812 - New England was against and the South was for it. -Missouri Compromise 1820 - Missouri admitted as slave state to balance Maine  as  free  state.  The  36°  30’’  is  established  as  the  maximum  longitude   for slave states. -Tariff of Abominations 1828 - (as called by the South) North disliked but supported, South was totally opposed to +5% tariff. -Election of 1828 (Jackson vs. Adams) - Everyone for Jackson besides the North slightly for Adams -House vote on Tariff of 1846 - The majority of states were for, but the South was firmly against. -Compromise of 1850 - North got California as a free state and no slave trade in D.C. South got stricter Fugitive Slave laws and $10 Million compensation to Texas. - Kansas Nebraska Act 1854 - North angered at the repeal of Missouri Compromise,  South  excited  about  Nebraska’s  potential  adoption  of  the   institution of slavery. Bleeding Kansas establishes 2 capitals. -Dred Scott Decision 1857 - North pissed, South happy, Dred Scott REALLY pissed. -Election of 1860 (Lincoln wins over Bell [Constitutional Union] and Breckinridge [Southern democrat]) - The south is very unhappy over this. -Mexican Cession Territory - North saw potential free states, South saw potential enemy states. -Northwest Ordinance 1787 - new northwest states to be free states. -Declaration of Independence - Mention of slaves omitted to achieve unanimity. -Constitution - 3/5’s  clause,  counting  blacks  in  the  South  as  3/5s  of  a  person. -South Carolina 1835, forbids abolitionist mail from delivery/transit in state. -Congress 1830s - Gag order on slavery in effect. -Alien & Sedition Acts 1798 - Led to Virginia and Kentucky resolutions of nullification. 37

-Hartford Convention 1814 - New England discusses secession. -South Carolina Nullification Crisis 1833 circa. -Personal Liberty Laws of the North in response to the Fugitive Slave laws. -Mexican American War 1846-48 -Gadsden purchase 1853 - for the South -Compact Theory Slavery -Dutch 1619 -Barbados Slave Codes -Stono’s  Rebellion  1739 -20% of Americans black in 1775 -Demark Vesey revolts in South Carolina 1823 -Nat  Turner’s  Rebellion  1831 -4 million of 9 million Confederate State residents black -Underground Railroad led my Harriet Tubman -William Lloyd Garrison publishing the anti-slavery periodical The Liberator -Uncle  Tom’s  Cabin  written  1852  Harriet Beecher Stowe -John Brown kills 5 at Pottawattamie Creek - 1855 -John  Brown  seizes  Harper’s  Ferry,  southern  states  send  out  militia  - 1859 Economics (Tariffs mentioned in politics section) -North was more industrial and fishing. Whereas the South was agricultural. -Eli Whitney invents cotton gin and interchangeable parts 1793, demand for slaves skyrockets. -Southern economics system relied on slave labor. -South produces cotton and tobacco for world market, which garners the support of Britain. Cultural -South, greater emphasis on family loyalty. North, greater emphasis on money. -Higher literacy rates, better education in North due to urban environment. Education in the South mostly by tutors. -Culture of self reliance in the South, due to rural environmental, self sustaining farms. North more about business and cooperation. -North had a much higher population of immigrants. Most people in the South were raised there. -1830s, Baptist and Presbyterian churches split over slavery. -South  has  “soul  food”  North  has  cod. Misc. -Southern slavery and nullification championed by South Carolina senator John C. Calhoun (1782-1850). He was vice president under John Quincy Adams and under Andrew Jackson and a graduate of Yale University.

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-William Lloyd Garrison published the periodical The Liberator, to advocate abolitionism. -Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, and Thomas Paine advocated the gradual abolition of slavery. -Frederick Douglas published The North Star against slavery. -Nat turner, abolitionist. Quotes! “Wolf  by  the  Ears”  and  “Firebell  in  the  Night”  ~  Thomas  Jefferson “In  few  countries  is  so  much  left  to  the  share  of  the  laborer”  ~  John  C.  Calhoun “I  accuse  the  land  of  my  nativity  of  insulting  the  majesty  of  Heaven  with  the   grossest  mockery  that  was  ever  exhibited  to  man”  ~  William  Lloyd  Garrison “You  can  smash  machines  but  you  can’t  smash  ideas”  ~  Frederick  Douglas,   when men came to destroy his printing shop. Up Next: The War Between the States The War to Suppress Northern Insolence The Civil War

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Civil War and Reconstruction Outline When  Lincoln  is  inaugurated,  several  states  had  “left  the  Union”  to  form  the   Confederate States of America. During the years 1860-1861, eleven states had seceded including South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee. While  initially  a  war  to  preserve  the  union,  Lincoln’s  motives  later  added  bills  to  free  the   slaves and move the nation closer towards racial and social equality. Political Events: 1861 – The Confederate States of America is formed led by Pres. Jefferson Davis 1861 – Congress passes the Morrill Tariff Act raising duties from 5 to 10 percent 1861 – Kansas is admitted into the Union as a free state 1861 – Lincoln suspends the writ of habeas corpus and passes Martial Law in MY (necessary in holding the Union together because of location near D.C.)

Ex Parte Marryman – Only Congress can suspend habeas corpus

Lincoln began taking total control and increased the power of the President. He increased the size of the army, directed the Sec. of Treasury to advance money for military purposes, and held Maryland in the Union by establishing Martial Law. 1862 – Congress passes the Homestead Act of 1862 Gov’t  helped  families  acquire  land 1862 – Congress passes the Pacific RR Act Sets precedent to create a Transcontinental Railroad 1862 – Poor volunteer numbers force the CSA to enact the draft (a year before the Union) 1863 – Congress authorizes the National Banking System 1863 – Congress enacts a federal conscription law; many men bought their way out of service Draft Riots occur in New York 1863 – After the Battle of Antietam, Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation Helped prevent any foreign aid for Confederacy (UK & France had abolished slavery) 1864 – Lincoln wins re-election over former Union General McClellan Chooses Andrew Johnson as running mate to help secure more southern votes 1865 – Hampton Roads Conference: Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse Militarily the South had the early advantage in the war. To win, all the South had to do was repel the Union forces on their home turf (fight a defensive war), and their armies were equipped with more talented officers (Lee and Jackson). However, the South was lacking with factories to supply the army with needed munitions and their economy was dragging.

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The  North’s  greatest  strength  was  its  economy  as  well  as  its  dominance  of  the  Railroads   and boasting a superior navy to block southern ports. Despite the south having more talented officers, the north had an overwhelming population advantage and more people willing to preserve the United States by volunteering.

Important Military Battles: Fort Sumter – The remaining Union fort in the South was fired upon and taken over in 1861 by the CSA when Lincoln sent provisions, not reinforcements, to the fort. First Battle of Bull Run – Southern forces outlasted the Union army when Jackson brought in reinforcements  in  the  first  “real”  battle  of  the  war.  Lincoln’s  dream  of  the  “90  Day  War”   was crushed and the bloodshed continued for years. Battle of Shiloh – Gen. Grant (USA) begins the war in the west as he successfully counterattacks a Confederate surge and overtakes Shiloh. Again, this battle showed that the war in the west would have no quick end either. Peninsula Campaign – “Tardy  George” McClellan was first given command of the Union army and decided to move towards Richmond with a water-borne approach. Lincoln sent McClellan’s  reinforcements  to  chase  Jackson  who  was  trying  to  capture  Washington D.C. leaving  McClellan’s  troops  all  alone.  Lee  took  advantage  and  during  the  Seven  Day’s   Battle drove McClellan back to the sea forcing the Union to abandon the Peninsula Campaign (Union lost over 20,000 men). Union strategy now turned to total war. Their strategy now included plans to blockade southern coasts, free its slaves (break their economy), cut the south in half by controlling the Mississippi River, sending troops throughout GA and the Carolinas and finally capture Richmond. Second Battle of Bull Run – Gen.  Lee  attacks  Union  forces  led  by  Gen.  Pope.  Pope’s  army  was   easily overtaken and Lee began to invade Union territory. Antietam – Gen. Lee (CSA) marched Confederate troops north into Maryland expecting the

citizens to welcome them after defeating McClellan at Bull Run. Neither army gained a significant amount of land during the battle, but the north was able to prevent a southern invasion in the bloodiest day of the civil war. McClellan failed to pursue Lee, which would have ended the war, but he  didn’t  and  was  fired  once  again  as  commander  of  the  Army  of  the   Potomac.  However,  this  “victory”  in  repelling  the  south  prompted  Lincoln   to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.

Vicksburg – Gen. Grant laid siege to Vicksburg in his best-fought campaign of the war. Union forces quickly moved on to capture Port Hudson and New Orleans cutting the Confederacy in two down the Mississippi River.

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Fredericksburg (VA)– Gen. Burnside replaced McClellan for the Army of the Potomac due to McClellan’s  slow  decisions.  Burnside  rashly  attacked  Lee’s  stronghold  and  got  over   10,000 Union soldiers killed. Chanchellorsville (VA) – Lee  sends  “Stonewall”  Jackson  to  attack  the  union  flank.  Union   general  Hooker’s  army  was  badly  beaten,  but  Gen.  Jackson  was  shot  and killed by friendly fire (crushing blow to the Confederate army). Gettysburg – Lee’s  army  of  76,000  kept  moving  north  into  Pennsylvania  where  he  fought  Gen.   Meade’s  army  of  92,000.  The  winner  of  the  three-day battle was clear once Gen. Pickett’s  (CSA) charge was stopped breaking the heart of the Confederate cause and pushing  Lee’s  army  out. 1864 – Sherman’s  March to the Sea implements total war as his army burned Atlanta and others Grant’s  Virginia  Campaign – Grant,  “the  Butcher,”  led  over  100,000  men into Virginia where he led his men into certain death, but his greatly numbered army eventually earned him the  victory  that  forced  Lee’s  surrender. The War at Sea: 1.) Northern forces blockaded Southern ports disallowing any trade with foreign nations. 2.) CSA troops rebuilt the Merrimack (now called the Virginia) and fought the Union ship, the Monitor, in an ironclad standoff in 1862. Important Generals:

Union

Confederate

Ulysses S. Grant William Sherman George McClellan Ambrose Burnsides Joe Hooker George Meade John Pope

Robert E. Lee “Stonewall”  Jackson   Nathaniel Forrest Pierre Beauregard George Pickett Jeb Stuart

1863 – 1864 – 1865 – 1865 –

Lincoln announces the 10% plan to readmit Confederate states into the Union Lincoln vetoes Wade-Davis Bill calling for a stricter policy to readmit CSA states (50%) Lincoln  assassinated  by  John  Wilkes  Booth  in  Ford’s  Theatre  5  days  after  the  war  ends Johnson issues Reconstruction Plan (uses  many  of  Lincoln’s  ideas) Also pardons most Confederate leaders 1865 – Freeman’s Bureau established to provide food, clothes, medical care, and education to freedmen and white refugees Taught 200,000 blacks how to read; expired in 1872 1865 – In  response  to  the  Freedman’s  Bureau,  southern states passed Black Codes to regulate the affairs of emancipated slaves in hopes of preserving the Cotton Kingdom Most freedmen forced to become sharecroppers (practically slaves again) 1866 – Congress passes the Civil Rights Act of 1866 Guaranteed all races (except Native Americans) citizenship and rights

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1866 – KKK is founded Reconstruction Act of 1867 – Divides South into 5 military districts controlled by Union generals with 20,000 troops 1867 – Seward’s  Folly:  US  buys  Alaska  from  Russia  for  $7.2 million 1867 – Tenure of Office Act passed after Johnson fires Sec. of War Stanton President  can’t  remove  appointed  officials  w/o  Senate  Consent 1868 – Pres.  Johnson  impeached  for  “high  crimes  and  misdemeanors,”  but  is  found  not-guilty Gen. Grant elected President 1869 – Fisk and Gould enter market 1869 – Transcontinental RR completed at Promontory Point, Utah By 1870, all of the seceded states had been readmitted into the Union 1870, 1871 – Congress passes the Force Acts Allows federal troops  to  stamp  out  “lash  laws” 1873 – Nation  enters  a  financial  depression:  Crime  of  ’73  (silver  dollar  coinage  ends) 1875 – Congress passes the Resumption Act to back all paper currency with gold

Grant Scandals:

Whiskey Ring Scandal – federal employees (including his personal secretary) were found to have embezzled millions in tax revenue Credit Mobilier Scandal – Union Pacific RR creates fake company that overcharges and earned huge profits (scandal included Vice President Colfax) Congress passes the Civil Rights Act of 1875 saying blacks are equal under the law Aimed to eliminate racial discrimination, but Southern Democrats made it unenforceable 1876 – Hayes / Tilden presidential standoff leads to the Compromise of 1877 Electoral Count Act of 1877 passed – recount presidential votes Hayes elected, but forced to withdraw federal troops from the South Reconstruction Amendments: 13th Amendment – Slavery abolished (1865) 14th Amendment – All people born or naturalized in US become citizens (1868) Corporations considered legal entities 15th Amendment – Black males receive voting rights (1870) (Unfortunately, Black Codes prohibited many southern blacks from voting) Reconstruction Supreme Court Cases: Ex Parte Milligan – Military  courts  can’t  try  civilians  when civil courts are available Slaughterhouse Cases – 14th Amendment protects US citizens from rights infringements on federal, not state level US v. Reese – Allows voting qualifications (literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clause)

END OF RECONSTRUCTION ERA

Reconstruction reunited the United States, although many concessions were made compromising the leaps that were made to help bring the nation toward equality Carpetbaggers – Northern Republicans who involved themselves w/ southern politics during Reconstruction Scalawags – White Southern Republicans who opposed secession

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Immigration: 1865-1900 1. Statistics: More than 2 million immigrants arrive every decade from 1850-1880 Over  5  million  arrive  in  the1880’s,  with  a  high  of  nearly  800,000  in 1882 25% of the 20 million immigrants from 1820-1900 returned home, called “Birds  of  Passage” 2. Old Immigrants: Majority of immigrants prior to 1880 From British Isles and Western Europe, largely Germany & Scandinavia Generally fit in, do same jobs as before (like farming) Mostly Protestant (except Catholic Irish and Germans) Literate Come from similar government structure, culture Assimilate easily into American society Irish: Work on Trans-Continental railroad Win the election for Cleveland (D) after Blaine (R) insults Democrats of being  a  party  of  “Rum,  Romanism  and  Rebellion)  in  1884 Do cheap labor, members of Knights of Labor Irishman Denis Kearney leads  riot  against  Chinese  labor  in  1870’s New Immigrants: Majority of immigrants after 1880 From southern and eastern Europe Italians,  Poles,  Slovaks,  Greeks,  Croats… Illiterate, impoverished Unaccustomed to culture, government Worship in traditional synagogues or orthodox churches Work in industrial jobs, not farming Do not assimilate easily into society Live  in  urban  setting,  create  neighborhoods  like  “Little  Italy”,  try  to   preserve culture through Catholic and Hebrew schools, foreign language newspapers and traditional meeting places Children reject old ways, transition easily into American society Vote along party lines: Most Catholics, Lutherans and immigrants vote democratic Strike along party lines Speed  new  industrial  revolution  in  1880’s,  especially  Poles 44

Asians: Move to CA Usually single, uneducated men hoping to return home Mine gold, work on railroads ½ return home, others do bad menial jobs

Italians: Come from S. Italy Attempt to farm in U.S. fails, most become laborers (construction workers, longshore men, etc.) Many return home after making $ Jews: Russian Jews flee persecution in Russia, go to Atlantic coast and NYC Bring shop keeping and tailoring skills Settle in cities Find difficulty fitting in with other Jews 3. Reasons for leaving native countries: “Push  Factors” No room, population of Europe doubles from 1800-1900 Formerly rural populations move to cities or keep going to U.S. Persecutions of minorities worsen in Europe, Russians attack Jews in 1880’s Military conscription in Old World “Pull  Factors” “American  Fever”,  tales  of  opportunity,  freedom  from  mandatory  military   service and persecution American employers seek foreigners to work News of gold reaches China 4. Reaction to Immigrants: Positive: Awakens  “social  conscience”  of  Americans Protestants  take  “social  gospel”  to  slums Walter Rauschenbusch: noteworthy pastor in German Baptist church, NYC, (1886) Jane Addams: Found Hull House (1889) in Chicago, provides services for new immigrants, others follow Negative: Antiforeignism/nativism begins with the arrival of Irish and Germans in 1840’s  and  50’s New Immigrants are viewed as inferior, are blamed for problems in government  and  for  working  “starvation  wages” American Protective Society: (1887), anti-Catholic, nativist Political  machines,  like  Boss  Tweed,  flourish  because  government  can’t   handle large-scale urban immigration 5. Government Actions: 45

1879: Congress restricts immigration of Chinese, Hayes vetoes 1882:Congress bans criminals, paupers Chinese Exclusion Act, bans most Chinese until 1943 1885: Congress outlaws the importation of foreign workers under contract Later  laws  ban  insane,  alcoholics,  prostitutes…

The Gilded Age I. Social Issues A. Reconstruction

1. 13th amendment2. 14th amendment- civil rights. 3. 15th amendment- black (male) suffrage 4. 10%, 50% plans, Wade-Davis Bill – Percent of Southerners needed to pledge in order for state to re-enter union- Lincoln  10,  RR’s  50,   W-D Bill went with 50. 5.    “Radical  Republicans”- refers to republicans who controlled congress during reconstruction who wanted complete civil equality. 6.    Freedmen’s  Bureau- 1865 - dedicated to helping freed slaves with schooling.

7. Force Acts of 1870/1 – to enforce 14th and 15th amendments 8. Civil Rights Act of 1875- supposed to make civil life equal 9. KKK- I hope we all know 10. Black Codes- extremely restrictive to blacks, passed in south- essentially re-instated slavery. 11. Hayes-Tilden  “election”- compromise ended Reconstruction. 12. Plessy vs. Ferguson- legalized segragation B. Nativism 1.  “Know-Nothing”  Party- secretive, anti immigration 2. American Protective Association (APA)- anti Catholic 3. Restrictive Immigration Laws- 1875 banned convicts/prostitutes. 4. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)- no  George  Huangs… C. Dawes Severalty Act 1887 1. Designed to control Indians 2. Set up individual family heads with 160 acres 3. Essentially wiped out tribes and tribal ownership of land. 46

II. Foreign Policy A. Venezuela1. Boundary dispute between British/ Venezuela- gold  found… 2. U.S. thinks Monroe Doctrine challenged 3. Cleveland threatens force; Brits submit matter to international arbitration .

B. Hawaii1. White plantation owners in Hawaii want annexation for sugar profits. 2. Cleveland opposes 3. Cleveland overcome by followers of Manifest Destiny

III.  Economic  “Issues” A. Labor 1. Haymarket Square 1886- meeting to protest brutalities by authorities- bomb thrown when police advance; killed/injured dozens. i. Leads to anti labor sentiments 2. Homestead Strike 1892- at Carnegie Homestead Steel plant i. Pinkerton detectives called in ii. Battle- Pinkertons defeated 3.    Coxey’s  “Commonwealth  Army”  1894- unemployed demonstrate for assistance. i. “Army”  marches  from  Ohio  to  Washington ii. Arrested for walking on grass 4. Pullman Strike 1894- Strike to protest wage cuts of 1/3. i. Attorney General Olney dispatches troops, Cleveland agrees with Olney- strike crushed.

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B. Unions 1. National Labor Union i. Founded 1866 with 600,000 members ii. Worked for 8 hr. workdays and labor dispute arbitration iii. 1873 depression killed it 2. Knights of Labor i. 1869-1881 ii. Worked for 8hr workday and often won iii. Became associated with Haymarket Square and lost popularity. 3. American Federation of Labor i. Founded 1886 by Samuel Gompers ii. Skilled laborers only iii. Worked for better conditions for workers. B. Panics/Depressions 1. Panic of 1873 i. Overload of market ii. Debtors hit hard by lack of inflation 2. Depression of 1893 i. Caused by over speculation and overbuilding ii. Leads to repeal of Sherman Silver Act of 1890 C. Money/Gold vs. Silver 1. Resumption Act 1875- allows Greenbacks to be exchanged for gold. 3.  Crime  of  ’73- demonetized silver i. Farmers/debtors want silver, because it increases inflation- bankers want gold- less inflation 2. Bland Allison Act 1878- Gov. must coin 2-4 million $ of silver each month. 3. Sherman Silver Purchase Act 1890- repealed Bland-Allison Act by allowing government to redeem silver with silver or gold. 4. Populists- mostly  farmers  who  wanted  “free  silver”. D. Tariffs 1. McKinley Tariff- highest tariff rates ever at 48.4% 48

2. Wilson-Gorman Bill- Reduced McKinley rate to 41.3% IV. Miscellaneous

A. Scandals 1. Most  during  Grant’s  Presidency. 2. Fisk/Gould 1869- Plan to corner gold market 3. Boss Tweed- corrupted NYC until exposed by New York Times in 1871 4. Whiskey Ring- Robbed treasury of millions in tax revenue during  Grant’s  time B. Business 1. RAILROADS i. Railroads grow like crazy because of popularity/ government gives land next to built railroads. ii. Union pacific (east)/ Central Pacific (CA) companies race for transcontinental railroad- finished 1869 in Utah. iii. Time zones- created for railroad efficiency iv. Economy built on railroads- allowed for sectional economies. v. 1887 Interstate Commerce Act controlled RR companies. 2. Business explodes i. The Gilded Age started big business, as they were formed into trusts, or massive monopolistic corporations. ii. Rockefeller/  “horizontal  integration”  /  Standard  oil iii. Carnegie/  “vertical  integration”  /  U.S.  Steel iv. Meat-packaging trusts such as Armour were created 3. Social Darwinism i. Belief that rich were made to be rich and poor to be poor. Obviously adopted by rich. ii. Russell  Conwell’s  Acres  of  Diamonds  speech   supported this. 4. Tackling trusts i. Sherman Anti-Trust act passed in 1890 ii. Usually used against labor unions

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Economy from 1865-1917 Technological Advances after the Civil War A. Railroads and the associated inventions: steel rail, etc. 1. Grew from 35,000 to 192,556 miles of track from 1865-1900 2. Towns connected by railroads became cities, economic hubs Effects: a. National economy stitched together b. Creation of jobs c. Increase in markets d. Stimulated many other industries, spawned industrialization e. End of the buffalo f. Cheated gullible customers B. Steam Engines and other agricultural advances 1. Less people needed to farm 2. Mechanization of farms a. Less small, family-owned farms, foreshadows the upcoming era of big business Reconstruction Era economic questions A. Morrill Tariff 1. Favors north B. Pacific Railroad Act 1. Favors north 2. Continues trend of over speculation of railroads C. Acquisition of Alaska 1. Opens opportunity for future economic growth from natural resources 2. Maintains frontier to some extent America Becomes a Manufacturing Giant A. Trusts provide a strong base for American economy that dominate the global market 1. Strongest economy in the world by 1894 a. Steel and Oil trusts emerge B. Railroads continue to strengthen economy C. Abundant liquid capital D. Fully exploited natural resources E. Massive immigration produces labor force F. Mass production from Eli Whitney perfected 50

1. Use of other new inventions (like typewriters)

Depression and Demands for Inflation in the Gilded Age A. Panic of 1873 1. Debtors demand inflation and relief 2. Too many railroads and factories formed than markets could bear a. banks over-loaned 3. Began with the failure of Jay Cooke and Company B. The Silver Question 1. Bland Allison Act a. treasury bought minimum between $2-$4 million per year of silver b. President Grant opposed to coinage of silver Agricultural Deflation and Debtors: late 1880s-90s A. Treasury surplus of $145 million 1. Pres. Cleveland lowers tariff in response B. Plight of Farmers 1.    Prices  deflated  as  market  rebounds  in  the  1880’s 2. Deflation worsens debt 3. Dust bowl begins, pest infestations C. Greenback and Grange movements 1. Farmers attempt to organize 2. ½ of US population is still farmers D. Farmers ripped off by the railroads, gouged by the government and trusts Economy  in  the  1890’s A. Sherman Silver Purchase Act 1. Doubles minimum requirement B. McKinley Tariff 1. raises tariff, a boon to Eastern manufacturers C. Depression of 1893- 97 1. Caused by overbidding and speculation 2. Free silver debate leads to instability in credit overseas 3. Labor unrest 4. Agricultural depression 5. European banks call in loans D. Repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Act 1. caused a deficit E. Gold and Job Shortages 1. Imbalance international trade to remove ourselves from gold standard 2. Cleveland issues $100 million in gold bonds 51

a. Borrows money from Wall Street and JP Morgan Tariff and Currency Changes A. McKinley Tariff causes $61 million in deficit for US B. Wilson-Gorman Bill 1. reduced McKinley tariff and adds an income tax 2. Shot down by Supreme Court 1895 over the income tax C. Dingley Tariff Bill 1897 D. Gold Standard Act 1900 1. Paper currency can be exchanged for gold E. Open Door Policy opens China to our economy Reigning In Trusts A. Department of Commerce and Labor Created 1903 1. Kept an eye on interstate commerce B. Elkins Act 1903 1. Fined railroads over unfair rebates 2. Railroads had taken advantage of the people C. Hepburn Act 1906 1. ICC expanded 2. no more free passes D. Northern Securities Company dissolved by the Supreme Court 1904 E. Taft breaks up numerous trusts, more than TR The  “Roosevelt  Panic”  of  1907 A. Wall Street blames Pres. Roosevelt 1. TR blames trusts 2. Need for fiscal reform B. Aldrich Vreeland Act 1. National Banks could issue emergency money a. different forms of collateral 2. Set stage for Federal Reserve Act C. Clayton Anti-Trust Act 1914 1. Lengthens list of unacceptable practices by trusts Progressive Economic Reforms A. Federal Reserve Act 1913 1. Creates stability 2. Paper money accepted 3. Regional districts and central banks B. Underwood Tariff 1913 1. Reduced import fees 2. Graduated income tax through 16th Amendment C. Federal Trade Commission Act 1914 1. formed FTC 2. Meant to kill false advertising and corruption in business D. Progressive social programs that affected economy\ 1. Federal Farm Loan Act 1916 52

a. Credit easily available for farmers 2.    Workingmen’s  Compensation  Act a. Would have assisted federal employees during hard times b. Shot down by Supreme Court c. Adamson Act 1916

Westward Movement 1865-1900 RAILROADS Effects of Railroad o Opened new markets o Stimulated mining and agriculture o Easier to travel west o Carry materials quickly to cities o Millionaires created (and corruption) o Cities developed along rails o People could settle harsh areas in Great Plains o Time zones o Railroad  towns  “hells  on  wheels”  Workers settled here with prostitutes and performers Major Railroads Union Pacific Railroad o From Omaha, Nebraska westward o Finished in 1865 o Used federal loans o Irish  “Paddies”  worked  on  it o Credit Mobilier scandal Central Pacific Railroad o East from Sacramento over Sierra Nevada o Used federal loans o Chinese laborers were numerous and expendable o Met Union Pacific in Ogden, Utah 1869 o Big Four commissioned this Other  railroads  (but  weren’t  supported  by federal money) Northern Pacific Railroad o Lake Superior to Puget Sound Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroads o Stretching through southwestern deserts to California Southern Pacific Railroad o From New Orleans to San Francisco Great Northern Railroad o From Duluth to Seattle Improvements that bolstered railroads 53

Steel rail Standard gauge of track width adopted Westinghouse air brake Refrigerator car Pullman Palace Cars o “gorgeous  traveling  hotels”

INDIANS Warfare with Indians 1868-1890 Why did the Indians lose? o Locomotives gave whites big advantage o Diseases killed Indians o Near-extinction of buffalo hurt Plains Indians Significant Americans o General Sherman o General  Sheridan  (“the  only  good  Indian  is  a  dead  Indian”) Bozeman Trail attacked by Sioux o Result: warfare intensified o Settlers all killed and mutilated Custer’s  Last  Stand o Completely wiped out by superior force o Little Big Horn River Nez Perce wars o Gold discoveries on reservation caused gov. to shrink it by 90% o Chief Joseph was leader of clan o Worked with Sitting Bull, but lost the war Apache wars o Led by Geronimo, who was feared by whites Policies and attitudes toward Indians Indian treaties o Indians leave their land for promise that they would be left alone o Many Indians conned o Treaties often violated Reservations established o Great Sioux Reservation o Indian Territory of Oklahoma Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 o Forced Indians to conform 54

o Dissolved tribes as legal entities o “good  Indians”  got  citizenship,  land  in  25  years o Reservation land often sold to whites o Indian schools established to change them A Century of Dishonor by Helen Hunt Jackson o Describes cruelty to Indians o Inspired sympathy “Humanitarian  help”  and  forcing  the  Indians  to  change o Sympathizers helped Indians, but disrespected their culture (so making them white is right!) o They  were  forced  to  change  (“for  their  own  good”)

MINING  Bessemer process = more mining Major mining jackpots California gold 1858 Pike’s  Peak, Colorado o fifty-niners 1859 Comstock Lode, Nevada o more fifty-niners o gold and silver! Smaller  “lucky  strikes”  in  Montana,  Idaho,  and  others Spawn of mining crazes Boomtowns  or  “Helldorados” o Small towns that came with miners o Many saloons and liquor o Lynch law and hempen vigilante justice o Abandonment  created  the  “ghost  towns” o Prostitutes Corporations creep in the West Ore-breaking process required expensive machinery that only companies could afford Independent miners became simply laborers Effects of Mining Attracted wealth and population Women and men found work o Running boardinghouses or being prostitutes Women’s  suffrage  (Wyoming,  Utah,  Colorado,  and  Idaho) Added to American literature by authors Bret Harte and Mark Twain 55

CATTLE AND RANCHES Growth of Poultry Industry Poultry business expands because of railroads o Swifts and Armors companies leaders in meat-business o Becomes major industry of West “Long  Drive” o Cowboys would herd cattle over many open lands o Terminal stops included Dodge City, Abilene, Ogallala, Cheyenne o Proved very profitable (as high as 40%) Obstacles faced by Poultry Industry Barbed wire fences from sheepherders Terrible Winter of 1886-87 (-56 degrees) Overexpansion and overgrazing  Solution o Fence  their  ranches,  don’t  overproduce… o Organized (Wyoming Stock-Growers’  Association) HOMESTEAD ACT OF 1862 Settler can acquire as much as 160 acres by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying nominal fee of $30 Or land acquired after six month residence for $1.25 acre Land sold to encourage settlement, not for revenue “During  40  years  after  its  passage,  half  a  million  families  took  advantage  of  it” AGRICULTURE Taming the lands Immigrants and Americans induced into buying cheap land by railroads Prairie lands become useful (they discover the soil beneath is fertile) Dry farming o Farmers pushed beyond 100th meridian looking for good land o Chewed  up  crusty  earth  leading  to  drought  and  “Dust  Bowl” o Ignored John  Powell’s warning that beyond 100th meridian rain was too minimal for crops without irrigation Tough strains of wheat introduced Federal irrigation projects o American Desert blooms Farms mechanize and commercialize Concentration  on  only  “staple  crops”  for  profit Large-scale farmers become business-orientated o tied to banking, railroading, manufacturing Mechanization o Steam engines 56

o Combined reaper-thresher Incorporation of Farming o Rural farmers driven off o Foreshadowed giant agribusinesses o America  becomes  the  world’s  breadbasket,  butcher  shop THE END OF THE FRONTIER AND WESTWARD MOVEMENT No more frontier Frederick  Jackson  Turner’s  “Frontier thesis” o American needs a frontier 1890 census stated that a frontier no longer discernible New states admitted: North/South Dakotas, Montana, WA, Idaho, Wyoming Opening of Oklahoma to settlement Most good lands were taken; remaining lands sterile or less desirable National parks established: Yellowstone, Yosemite, Sequoia Urban movement Safety valve theory o In reality, the safety valve was the cities, not the frontier now Cities boom as people move in for better wages than farming

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The Progressive Movement 1900-1919 Progressivism: Anti-monopoly, corruption, inefficiency, and social injustice. Extension of Populists and Greenbacks “Strengthen  the  State”,  End Laissez-Faire Middle  class,  Bipartisan  “Majority Mood”  for  reforming  to  preserve capitalism (working through the system vs. revolution) Direct Primary Elections (no party bosses) Initiatives and Referendums so state policies approved by the people City-Manager System – more efficient, less democratic (hired people for city jobs instead of elected) Based on Galveston, TX. Progressive Amendments: 16th Amendment – Income Tax (1913) 17th Amendment – Direct election of senators (1913) (Not voted by state legislatures anymore.) More democratic 18th Amendment – Prohibition (1919) (Due to sacrificial attitude of WWI) 19th Amendment – Women’s  Suffrage (1920) Theodore Roosevelt Period (1901- 1908) (Republican) president when McKinley was assassinated Square Deal – Control of Corporations, Consumer Protection, Conserve Natural Resources State Acts: Corrupt Practices Acts – reduced campaign funds and those received from corporations. In Wisconsin, Robert LaFollette took regulated utilities and lowered corporation powers. Prohibition laws in some states Trusts: Department of Commerce formed (probe interstate commerce, break monopolies) o Elkins Act – curbs Railroad rebates o Hepburn Act – No RR free passes (used for bribery) Dissolves Northern Securities Company Trust – Railroad monopoly in North

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Trust busting bad trusts showed the government in charge, encouraged self-regulation of companies. Allowed  “good  trusts” (i.e. U.S. Steel absorbing Tennessee Coal and Iron) Labor: Safety and Sanitization Codes in industries Maximum Hours and Minimum Wages Workmen’s  Compensation Laws (for injured workers) Muller vs. Oregon – Women labor laws legal because they are weaker Coal mine strike ended when T.R. convinced the owners to meet the workers’  demands  (pro-labor) Conservation:

“wilderness  is  a  waste”  – T.R. (need to use but not trash

nature) Desert Land Act – required cheap land to be irrigated if bought Forest Reserve Act – allowed National Parks and reserves to be set aside Carey Act – gave federal land to states if it was irrigated and settled Gifford Pinchot – the head of Division of Forestry Newlands Act – money from land sales went towards irrigation in the west Dams – helped irrigation (like the Roosevelt Dam) Built Dam near San Francisco despite Naturalist pleas. Other: Meat Inspection Act- interstate beef can be federally inspected Food and Drug Act – kept mislabeling from occurring 1907  Panic  is  blamed  on  TR’s  policies  but  he  blames  trusts  for  causing  it. Aldrich-Vreeland Act- emergency bank money can be issued if backed by collateral instead of gold (leads to the federal reserve) William Howard Taft Period (1908-1912) (Republican) Taft kept with the status quo mainly. Busted more trusts than TR in less time o Standard Oil (violation of Sherman Anti-Trust Act) o US Steel (despite  TR’s  sanctioning  of  it  earlier) Supreme  Court  “rule of reason”  – only trusts that reasonably restricted trade were illegal Fired Pinchot for arguing with Sec. of Interior Ballinger over giving public land to corporations (Republicans  didn’t  like  this) Dollar Diplomacy – encouraged stability in other nations by investing money in them Signed Payne-Aldrich Tariff though it raised many tariffs (was meant to decrease them, infuriated Republicans)

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Roosevelt ran in 1912 as a Bull Moose Progressive – Republican split gave opportunity of President to the Democrats Woodrow Wilson Period (1912- 1920) (Democrat) Southerner, Progressive, former president at Princeton

Trusts:

New Nationalism – TR Progressivism, break up bad trusts only, social welfare  programs,  social  insurance,  women’s  suffrage New Freedom – Wilson ideals, favor small enterprise, break up all trusts, no social welfare 1913 Underwood Tariff- reduced tariffs and enacted graduated income tax Federal Reserve Act – 12 regional central banks could issue paper money as decided by the Federal Reserve Board Federal Farm Loan Act – low rate loans for farmers Warehouse Act – permits loans based on staple crops LaFollette  Seamen’s  Act  – better treatment of sailors (sent shipping costs up) Adamson Act – 8 hour workday with overtime pay Federal Trade Commission Act – commission could stop unfair trade practices Clayton Anti-Trust Act- added objections to trusts to the Sherman antitrust act, exempted labor unions from being called trusts

During WWI: National Labor Board – headed by Taft solved labor disputes The AFL supported the war Women in workplace helped pass 19th Amendment Progressive Era Literature and Reporters: “Muckrakers”  -Theodore  Roosevelt  (negative  because  they  can’t  look  at   the good), reporters sought to cleanse capitalism like the progressives o Magazines: Cosmopolitan,  Everybody’s,  and  Colliers “Wealth Against Commonwealth”  by  Henry  Loyd  (anti-standard oil) “Frenzied  Finance”  by  Thomas  Lawson  (corruption  of  stock  trading) “The  Jungle”  by  Upton  Sinclair exposed unsanitary meat packing “The  Treason  of  the  Senate”  by  David  Phillips  in  Cosmopolitan (government representing trusts and railroads) “Call  of  the  Wild”  by  Jack  London  leads  to  boy  scouts  (get  away  from   civilization) “The Promise of American Life”  by  Herbert  Croly  inspired  TR’s  new nationalism “Other  People’s  Money  and  How  the  Banker’s  Use It”  by  Louis   Brandeis showed problems of American Financial System 60

Journalists Lincoln Steffens & Ida Tarbell (big business influencing government)

America Becomes A World Power (1890-1917) Expanding the U.S.

1890:

Factors For Expansionism: Exports rising, manufacturing capability increases, as well as power and wealth America begins to expand onto the world stage, using overseas markets to send its goods.

1890s: Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst invented the “yellow  press”  

which influenced overseas expansion, as did missionaries inspired by Reverend Josiah Strong’s   Our   Country:   It’s   Possible   Future   and   Its   Present   Crisis.   Darwin’s   theory   of   survival of the fittest was applied to foreign policy by American society. The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783, argued that every successful nation had a great navy, starting a naval race among the great powers.

1890s: U.S. v Canada: America’s   new   imperialistic   mood   was   shown   by   the   U.S.Canadian argument over seal hunting near the Pribilof Islands off the coast of Alaska.

1893: In negotiations in Paris, America got Guam and Puerto Rico and freed Cuba.

McKinley decided to keep the Philippines due to popular demand. The U.S. paid $20 million for the islands.

1898:

The Anti-Imperialist League sprang into being, firmly opposed to this new imperialism of America, and its members included Mark Twain, William James, Samuel Gompers, and Andrew Carnegie. They were against the American control of the Philippines. Their opposition, the American expansionists believed that the U.S. should remain in control of the islands, envisioning them as the next Hong Kong.

1899: America and Germany almost go to war over the Samoan Islands (over which could build a naval base there), while Italy and America almost fight due to the lynching of 11 Italians in New Orleans. 1917: Wilson buys the Virgin Islands from Denmark

Presidential Election Issues 1900: Election of 1900: In the 1900 presidential election, William Jennings

Bryan’s  supporters  concentrated on imperialism. He lost the election, as Americans grew tired of the subject.

1916: 1916 Election: Wilson wins re-election  with  the  slogan,  “He  kept  us  out  of   war”.

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Annexation of Hawaii 1893: Hawaii Annexation? When the McKinley Tariff of 1890 raises the prices of sugar, it affects U.S. commercial trade with the Hawaiian Islands. Americans felt like they need to offset this, so they annexed Hawaii. This was opposed by its leader, Queen Liliuokalani—but in 1893, desperate Americans revolted. Hawaii seemed ready for annexation, but when Grover Cleveland became president again, he believed that it was dishonorable, so the annexation was postponed.

Spanish-American War

1895: Cuba revolts against Spain. America interferes after Cubans torch Cuban sugar cane fields, (U.S. supports the Cubans). Spanish General Weyler comes to Cuba to crush the revolt and ends up putting many civilians into concentration camps that killed many. The American public clamor for action, but Cleveland would do nothing.

1898:

Maine Explosion: U.S. battleship Maine mysteriously explodes in Havana Harbor, killing 260 officers and men. America was war-mad, and Spain was about to be crushed. What really happened was that an accidental explosion had basically blown up the ship. This was a similar conclusion to what Spanish investigators suggested, but America ignored them.

1898:

President McKinley sends his war message to Congress. America had to defend Democracy, opposing a war could split the Republican Party and America. Congress also adopts the Teller Amendment, which proclaimed that when the U.S. had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give the Cubans their freedom.

1898:

Victory over Spain: Admiral Cervera of Spain is finally ordered to fight the American fleet, and his fleet was destroyed. On land, the American army, commanded by General Nelson A. Miles, met little resistance as they took over Puerto Rico. Soon afterwards, on August 12, 1898, Spain signs an armistice.

1900: Giving Cuba their freedom? The Foraker Act of 1900 gives Puerto Ricans a

limited degree of popular government, (in 1917, Congress grants Puerto Ricans full American citizenship). In the Insular Cases, the Supreme Court barely ruled that the Constitution did not have full authority on how to deal with the islands (Cuba and Puerto Rico). This essentially lets Congress do whatever it wants with them. In 1902, the U.S. walks away from Cuba, but it also encourages Cuba to write and pass the Platt Amendment, which becomes their constitution. This said that the U.S. could intervene and restore order in case of anarchy, that the U.S. could trade freely with Cuba, and that the U.S. could get two bays for naval bases, notably Guantanamo Bay.

Building the Panama Canal 1900: Mapping out the Panama Canal: U.S. chooses Panama to build the Panama Canal after Mount Pelée erupts and kills 30,000 people. U.S. negotiates a deal that would buy

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a 6-mile-wide strip of land in Panama for $10 million and a $250,000 annual payment, but this treaty was retracted by the Columbian government, which owned Panama.

1903: U.S. fends off Colombia and recognizes Panama: When Colombia tries to stop

the killing of a Chinese civilian and a donkey in Panama, the U.S., citing an 1846 treaty with Colombia,   wouldn’t   let   the   Colombian   fleet   through.   Panama   was   thus   recognized by the U.S., and fifteen days later, Bunau-Varilla, the Panamanian minister despite his French nationality, signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty that give a widened (6x10 mi.) Panamanian zone to the U.S. for $15 mil.

1906: TR visits Panama. He becomes the first U.S. president to leave U.S. soil. 1914: Panama Canal is completed at a cost of $400 million, (construction began in 1904).

Americans in the Philippines 1895: Open Door Note: After China was defeated by Japan, the nation was carved into spheres of influence by the European powers. Americans were concerned by this, (worries of missionary work and business). Secretary of State John Hay dispatches the Open Door note, which urges the European nations to keep fair competition open to all nations willing and wanting to participate. China was saved from being carved up.

1898: Dewey in Philippines: During the Spanish-American War, Roosevelt cables Commodore George Dewey, who is commanding the American Asiatic Squadron at Hong Kong, and tells him to take over the Philippines. Dewey successfully takes over the islands from the Spanish.

1898:

American troops finally arrive to assist Dewey and capture Manila. They collaborated with Filipino insurgents, who were led by Emilio Aguinaldo, to overthrow the Spanish rulers. When the U.S. annexes Hawaii, it was so that it could use the islands to support Dewey. Hawaii received full territorial status in 1900.

1899: Filipino Revolt: The  Filipinos  revolt  against  the  U.S.  when  they  don’t  receive  

their freedom after the Spanish-American War. Emilio Aguinaldo leads the insurrection, and takes his troops into guerrilla warfare after open combat proved to be useless.

1901:

The   Filipino   rebellion   is   broken   when   U.S.   soldiers   invade   Aguinaldo’s   headquarters and capture him.

1916:

Wilson signed the Jones Act, which granted full territorial status to the Philippines and promised independence as soon as a stable government could be established.

Other U.S. Issues with Asia 1900: The  “Boxers”  revolt and take over the capital of China, Beijing. They take all

foreigners hostage, including diplomats. A multi-national force soon breaks the rebellion,

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the powers made China owe $333 million for damages, of which the U.S. eventually received $24.5 million. Fearing that the European powers would carve China up for good, John Hay officially asked that China not be carved.

1905: Peace between Russia and Japan: Russia, after being attacked by Japan,

approaches Teddy in hopes of him facilitating a peace treaty with their attackers. At Portsmouth, New Hampshire, both sides met, and in the end, TR negotiated a deal in which Japan got half of Sakhalin but no indemnity for its losses. U.S. lost both nations as allies though because neither believed they got a fair share in the treaty. Note: Teddy with this act and his work in North Africa, received the Nobel Peace Prize.

1906: Tensions with Japanese Immigrants: After the war, Japanese immigrants

poured into California. However, after the San Francisco earthquake, the city decrees that due to lack of space, Japanese children should attend a special school. This became an international issue, but Teddy settled it. The city would not displace students while Japan would keep its laborers in Japan. The Root-Takahira Agreement states that the U.S. and Japan are  to  respect  each  other’s  territorial  possessions  in  the  Pacific  and  that   they will uphold the Open Note in China. Good Neighbor Policy in Latin America

1889: James G. Blaine pushes his “Big   Sister”   policy, which sought better relations

with Latin America, and he presided over the first Pan-American Conference, held in Washington D.C.

1892: U.S. and Chile almost go to war after the deaths of two American sailors at Valparaiso.

1892:

Dispute over Monroe Doctrine: A discovery of gold worsens situations between the nations of British Guiana and Venezuela, which are disputing over their border. So, President Cleveland, sends a note written by Secretary of State Richard Olney to Britain informing them that the British actions were trespassing the Monroe Doctrine and that the U.S. controlled things in the Americas. Britain responds four months later saying that the Monroe  Doctrine  doesn’t  exist. Uproar results in America, and the two nations almost go to war. Doctrine is strengthened, and Latin American nations appreciate U.S. efforts to protect them. Britain sought better relations with the U.S.

1900: The Roosevelt Corollary: Teddy issues his Roosevelt Corollary, in response to Britain and Germany sending forces to Latin American nations to collect debts. The Corollary states that in future cases of debt problems, the U.S. would take over and pay off the debts, thus keeping the Europeans on the other side of the Atlantic.

1906:

Bad Neighbor Policy? : U.S. Marines land in Cuba to bring order to the nation. Cubans  are  unhappy  as  it  seemed  like  an  extension  of  the  “Bad  Neighbor”  policy.

1912:

Wilson persuades Congress to repeal the Panama Canal Tolls Act (which let American shippers not pay tolls for using the canal).

1915: Disorder breaks out in Haiti. Wilson sends American marines. 64

1916: Wilson sends marines to quell violence in the Dominican Republic.

Controversy with Mexico 1913:

Revolt in Mexico: Mexico revolts after being exploited for decades by U.S. investors in oil, railroads, and mines. The country installs Indian General Victorian Huerta to the presidency. This leads to a massive immigration of Mexicans to America, mainly to the southwest. The rebels were a threat to Americans living in Mexico, but Wilson does not intervene. Instead he sends American munitions   to   Huerta’s   rivals (Pancho Villa being one of them, who later kills murders 35 Americans in 1916, General John J. Pershing couldn’t  capture  him).

1914:

Force in Mexico: Some American sailors are arrested in Tampico, Mexico. Wilson threatens to use force. He also orders the navy to take over Vera Cruz, drawing protest from Huerta. Finally, Argentina, Brazil, and Chile mediate the situation, and Huerta falls  from  power  and  is  succeeded  by  Carranza,  who  resents  Wilson’s  acts. Lead-Up to World War I 1914: After the start of World War I. Wilson issues a neutrality proclamation and is promptly wooed by both the Allies and the German-Austrian-Hungarian powers.

1914:

America v German Navy: When Germany announces submarine warfare around the British Isles, warning the U.S. that it would not try to attack neutral ships (but that mistakes would probably occur). Wilson warns that Germany would be held to  “strict   accountability” for any attacks on American ships. When the Lusitania is sunk and 128 Americans are killed, America clamors for war. However, Wilson uses a series of strong notes to the German warlords instead.

1915:

After Germany seemed to break their pledge of not sinking ships without warning, by sinking the Sussex, it issues the Sussex pledge. This agrees not to sink passenger ships or merchant vessels without warning, so long as the U.S. could get the British to stop their blockade. Wilson says no.

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Labor Movement: 1865-1910 1866-1872 National Labor Union o Stats: First national labor federation in US  Attracted 600,000 members  Lasted 6 years o Minority: Excluded Chinese, did little for women and blacks o Goals: Wanted 8 hour workday (won for government workers 1868) o Colored National Labor Union formed separately because of racial differences 1869 Knights of Labor o Leaders: Terrence V. Powderly o Stats: Through  the  1880’s  had  1,000,000  members,  after  several  strikes  By  the  1890’s,  down  to  100,000  members,  who  soon  fused  into  other   groups  90,000 blacks join o Events: May Day strikes in 1866- Half Failed  Haymarket Square Riot - lowered their popularity o Minority: Women first joined in 1881  By 1885 1/5 of the members were women  Philadelphia was the home of the first all female local  Ottumwa, Iowa was the home of the first all black local  Pro Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 o Goals: Sought to include all workers in one big union  Tolerance of all working men and women (but not Chinese) 1873 Molly Maguires o A secret society of Irish immigrants, coal mine workers in Pennsylvania o Fought (violently) for better working conditions in the coalfields o Infiltrated by Pinkerton James McParlan: 14 of their leaders were called murderers and imprisoned, 10 were hanged 1885-1890  Farmers’  Alliance o Founded 1885-1890 o Suffered form internal divisions o Nine members of the Alliance in Congress in 1890 1886 Haymarket Riot Early in 1886 labor unions were beginning a movement for an eight-hour day – May 1st, May Day strikes Two days after this—May 3rd, shooting and one death occurred when the police tangled with the rioters May 4th, protest meeting was called to denounce the events of the preceding day, and while police were undertaking to disperse the crowd, anarchists exploded a bomb in the middle of the scene, killing and inguring several dozen people, including police officer Mathias J. Degan

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Eight anarchists were brought to trial and Judge Joseph E. Gary sentenced seven of them to death and three to 15 years imprisonment; four were hanged, and one committed suicide. The last two were changed from death to imprisonment for life June 26th, 1893, Gov. John P. Altgeld pardoned the three remaining—all currently in jail This riot led to the decline in popularity of the Knights of Labor and other unions that became popularly associated with the anarchists 1886 American Federation of Labor (AF of L) o Association of self-governing unions, emphasis on skilled labor o Leaders: Samuel Gompers o Stats: 500,000 members as of 1900  3 million members after the war o Minority: Pro Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 o Goals: Concerned with the present, here and now  Unity of interest between capital and labor  Closed shop (all union labor) 1892 Homestead Strike Amalgamated  Association  of  Iron,  Steel  and  Tin  workers  refused  pay  cut;;  union  “locked   out” Battle lasted 4am to 5pm – July 6th; strike lasted 143 days Pinkertons brought  in  to  ‘escort’  strike  breakers;;  shoot  out  resulted in deaths of 3 Pinkertons and 7 workers Six days later the National Guard of Pennsylvania arrived to further weaken the strikers, ordered by Gov. Robert E. Pattison of Pennsylvania Evicted workers from company homes Arrested individuals repeatedly just to charge them bail Involved the workers in a series of costly court cases November 17th, the first break in the ranks occurred when day laborers and mechanics voted to return to work November 20th, all the workers retuned to work, ending the stike Carnegie (owner), Frick (manager) and the company won, helping to prevent the organization of the mills for the nest 40 years, and further damaging public opinion of strikes 1893 American Railway Union o Leaders: Eugene V. Debs elected president in 1893 1894 Pullman Strike Pullman  company  town,  annexed  to  Chicago,  primarily  built  Pullman’s  famous  railway   sleeping cars; all building in the town company owned Cut  wages  a  number  of  times  in  the  1880’s  and  90’s,  but  failed  to  reduce  the  rent  in  the   company-owned housing These factors led the strike May 11, 1894 by the American Railway Union led by Eugene V. Debs Late June railway workers agreed to boycott trains carrying Pullman cars nationwide Federal troops were ordered in to break up the strike, their presence promting violence and looting in Chicago With the arrest of the leaders came the collapse of the strike, ending in August 2, 1894

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Cleveland calling in federal troops gained strikers the sympathy of the working class, but failure of strike exposed weakness in labor movement 1902 Strike broke out in coalmines in Pennsylvania o 140,000 workers with a common goal: demanded 20% pay increase and a 9 hour workday o Factories and school were forced to shut down o Teddy Roosevelt takes over negotiations on behalf of the workers o Outcome: Workers got a 10% pay increase and a 9 hour workday Some General Stuff Unions o Until 1861 – Had been few and disorganized o 3% working people in unions in 1900 Strikes o 1881 to 1900 - 23,000 strikes o Involved 6,610,000 workers o Employees and employers lost $450 million Women o More  than  1,000,000  women  joined  the  work  force  in  the  1890’s o Women’s  Bureau  did  emerge  after  WWI Blacks o 90,000 joined the Knights of Labor o Formed  Colored  Farmer’s  National  Alliance;;  by  1890  more  than  250,000   members o During WWI were able to find work as strike breakers o Led to the increased agitation of the white strikers

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Domestic issues and policies 1919-1932 I. Memorable Elections and Successions 1.Election of 1920: The democrats nominated James M Coz and Franklin D Roosevelt for his running mate, republicans chose Senator Warren G Harding of Ohio and Governor Calvin Coolidge of  Massachusetts.  Harding  wasn’t   necessarily a qualified candidate for the President, but his ordinary and friendly demeanor appealed  to  the  American  people,  as  well  as  his  return  to  “normalcy”   intent. 2.Harding’s  Death  and  Coolidge’s  Succession: Warren G. Harding died of a heart attack in August 1923. Calvin Coolidge took over and was known for being opposed to progressivism and believed the government did not have to protect citizens against natural disasters and that tyranny could take over. 3. Election of 1924: CPPA revived the Progressive Part and nominated Robert La Follette for president Democrats nominated John Davis and Republicans nominated Coolidge who won with 54% of the vote. 4.Election of 1928: Al Smith and Herbert Hoover, Smith for Democrats was the governor of NY. Hoover had never sought public office, yet he won. II. People to Know 1. Chief Justice William Howard Taft: Taft was appointed by President Harding in 1921. Under his jurisdiction, many progressive reform measures that were opposed by popular business interests were overturned. 1919 federal law imposing taxes on the products of child labor is an example. 2. Secretary of Treasury Andrew Mellon: Under Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover. Congress lowered the income tax for the wealthy under his term. Mellon also balanced budget from 1921-1928. 3. Charles Forbes: Director of Veteran’s  Bureau. In 1924, was convicted of stealing funds from Bureau and was forced to resign. 4. Harry Daugherty: Attorney general, forced from office in 1924 after receiving payments from violators of prohibition. 5. Albert Fall / Teapot Dome Scandal: Secretary of Interior leased land in Teapot Dome, Wyoming and Elk Hills, California to Harry Sinclair of Mammoth Oil Company and Edward Doheny. Fall received bribes from Doheny and Sinclair. They all evaded prosecution. 6. Aimee McPherson: Used drama and theatrical talent in sermons to win many followers to the evangelist and fundamentalist cause. 7. A. Mitchell Palmer: Attorney general who ordered the raids to arrest communists. 8. Henry Ford: Ford along with Taylor perfects the assembly line in the Rouge River Plant, which pumps out an automobile every ten seconds. 73

9. Margaret Sanger: Advocated birth control, planned parenthood, and eugenics. III. Acts and Tariffs 1. Sheppard-Towner Act: Child labor and worker protection for woman and support  for  education  by  the  Women’s  Joint  Congressional  Committee  resulted  in   this act in 1921. 1.2 million dollars for prenatal and baby-care centers. 2. Esch-Cummins Transportation Act: Transportation Act of 1920, allowed government to take over rails from December 1917 to March 1920. Forced to carry heavy traffic while ignoring maintenance, this resulted in Act of February 1920, which attempted to insure operation of the rails. 3. Adjusted Compensation Act: Every former soldier received a paid-up insurance policy due in twenty years. 4. Merchant Marine Act of 1920: Ordered the Shipping Board to get rid of 1500, thus reducing the navy. 5. Immigration Acts of 1921, 1924 Quota System: 1921, congress limited annual immigration to 350,000 people each year. In 1924, the number was reduced to 164,000 people per year. Immigration was restricted to 2% of the total population of the united states from their respective county since 1980 and rejected  the  immigration  of  Japanese’s  and  all  Asians. Quota Act of 1921 was put into place because of the 800,000 people from Eastern Europe who immigrated in a short time. In 1931, more people were leaving America then immigrating into it. 6. McNary-Haugen Bill: Authorized government to buy surpluses and sell them overseas. Coolidge vetoed the bill because of fear of tyranny. He believed it would benefit American agriculture at the expense of  the  public’s  welfare. 7. Agricultural Marketing Act: This act in June of 1929 set up the Federal Farm Board to help farmers. 8. Federal Home Loan Act: 1931. Home Loan Board and Banks were created under this act, which handles mortgages and provided money for homeowners that needed loans. 9. Hawley-Smoot Tariff, 1930: Raised protective tariffs and pushed rates on imported good to the highest they have ever been. This reflects on the isolationist movement of the 1920s. 10. Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law: Raised tariff from 27%-36%. 11. Norris-La Guardia (anti-junction) Act, 1932: Forbade issuing injunctions to maintain anti-union contracts of employment, the prevention to perform work, and the restraining of an act committed by either a group or of an individual striker. III. Corporations, Conferences, and Boards 1. Conference for Progressive Political Action, 1922 (CPPA): Committee to revive progressive ideals such as pro-labor, pro-farmer, and government ownership of rails, electricity, telephones. They helped the Republicans loose in 1924. 2. Railway Labor Board: Ordered a wage cut of 12% in 1922. 3. Federal Reserve Board: Tired to establish easy credit policy. Increased the rate of Federal Reserve notes to decrease speculation and warned member banks not to loan money for the purpose of buying stocks. 74

4. National Credit Corporation: Created in 1931, this Corporation got the largest banks in the country to provide lending agencies to give banks on the brink of foreclosure money to be used for loans. 5. Emergency Committee for Employment: Created in 1930 to coordinate efforts between other agencies in order to provide relief for the massive unemployed during the years of the Great Depression. IV. Major Events 1. Scopes Trial: In 1925, Tennessee outlawed the teaching of evolution in public schools. William Jennings Bryan assisted the prosecution. Clarence Darrow was head of the American Civil Liberties Union lawyers, who were the challengers in the case. 2. Adkins  vs.  Children’s  Hospital: Reverses minimum wage law for women. 3. Black Thursday: October 29, 1929 a great stock market crash occurred. Decline in agriculture, unregulated trade within buying stocks, and bank foreclosures all led to this crash. Stockholders lost over $40 million by 1932. 4. Great Depression: Stock Market crash, inflation of agriculture, uncontrolled policies of stock market, overproduction of goods by industries, and no buying situation all led to the depression. By 1930, 12 million were jobless. 5. Bonus Army: Group of WWI veterans who were supposed to be given aid because of their involvement in the war. However, in 1932, the date for giving out the money was pushed back, causing a march on Washington to demand the money. Force was used to disband the protestors,  causing  Hoover’s  popularity  to   plummet. 6. Red Scare: A series of raids to round up and arrest 6000 suspected Communists. 249 of these were deported in December of 1919. 7. “Crime  of  the  Century”: The kidnapping of Charles  Lindbergh’s  son. Led to the Lindbergh Law, which allowed certain cases of abduction the death penalty. 8. Kellog-Brand Pact: Frank Kellogg won Nobel Peace Prize for this pact that stated war would no longer use as offensive means. V. Major Concepts 1.Normalcy: Coined in address before Home Market Club in Boston in 1920. Symbol to powerful businessmen, the immediate abandonment of the foreign and domestic policies of Wilson. Return to high protective tariffs and a reduction in taxes. 2.Trickle Down Theory: Economic ideal that the government should pump money into the economy and thus create a surplus of money that would “trickle”   down onto the rest of society. 3.Welfare Capitalism: Idea welcome by Hoover, he believed that economic development demanded corporate cooperation in the areas of workers wages and production cooperation. 4.Voluntarism: Socially economic order could only be brought about by the voluntary action of Capitalist leaders and not thought government persuasion. 5.Fundamentalists: Protestants who were angered by the theory of evolution. Fundamentalists introduced bills to prohibit the teaching of evolutionism in schools. 75

VI. Other things to know 1. Revival of KKK: Anti foreign, catholic, black, Jewish, pacifist, communist, internationalist, revolutionist, bootlegger, gambling, adultery, birth control. Formally disbanded in 1869, but was revived in 1915 by William J. Simmons. They claimed to have a membership of over 5million. 2. Hooverville: Name of any shanty town during  the  Hoover’s  presidency.  This  was   due to cold and the unfriendly disposition Hoover had towards the poor, since he believed that economic aid to the poor would stifle the economy. 3. Prohibition: Progressives saw it as a way to deal with the social problem associated with alcoholism. Congress submitted the 18th amendment in 1917. This  caused  “Speak  Easy”,  bootlegging,  and  smuggling  of  alcohol  to  become  very popular. Illegal manufacturing of alcoholic beverages and a rise in criminal activities within the cities due to illegal importation of alcohol led to the amendment being repeal in the 21st amendment in 1933.

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Civil Rights Movement 1940-1970 Violence 1943- Detroit Race Riots 1946- Six black war veterans killed after claiming the rights they had fought for overseas, still treated unequally despite having risked their lives for the country 1955- Emmett Till lynched for  “leering”  at  a  white  woman 1963- Birmingham church bombed Events & Movements 1947- Jackie Robinson breaks the color barrier in baseball when he was signed with the Brooklyn Dodgers 1955- Montgomery Bus Boycotts sparked when Rosa Parks refused to move from her seat  in  the  “Whites  Only”  section  of  the  bus 1957- Federal troops were sent to escort nine black students at Little  Rock’s  Central   High School 1960’s- Sit-in Movement begins; Blacks go to Whites only restaurants and public/private facilities to protest nonviolently 1960’s- Freedom Riders rally to end segregation 1963- Civil rights march on Washington, led by MLK Jr 1965- “Black  Power”  Movement  led  by  Malcolm  X,  did  not  follow  King’s  nonviolent   ways, end racial inequality by all means possible 1968- Martin Luther King assassinated, advocated nonviolent ways to end segregation Political Happenings 1946- “To  secure  These  Rights”  Truman issues a report in response to the death of the six war veterans 1948- Truman desegregates armed forces 1953- Only 20% of eligible southern blacks registered to vote 1956- “Declaration  of  Constitutional  Principles”  is signed by more than a hundred southern congressional representatives pledging their resistance to desegregation 77

1957- Civil Rights Act passed, established civil rights commission which supervised voting 1964- 24th Amendment abolishes poll tax in federal elections 1964- Civil Rights Act, a landmark act that outlawed segregation in public or private facilities 1964- Office of Economic Opportunity establish equal opportunity laws 1965- Voting Rights Act passed to reinforce black suffrage 1968- Civil Rights Act, Provide Blacks with equal opportunity housing Supreme Court 1950’s- Warren Court, Chief justices Earl Warren active in civil rights 1950’s- Sweatt v. Painter black schools failed to meet test scores of white schools 1954- Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas overrules the previous Plessy v. Ferguson decision and insists that desegregation needs to be enforced 1967- Thurgood Marshall, first African American to be appointed a Supreme Court justice Organizations 1910- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is founded 1942- Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) is founded 1957- MLK established the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). King attempted to use the power of black churches to promote black rights 1960- Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) is formed by southern black students Literature/Art 1920- Harlem Renaissance, led by gifted writers such as Clade McKary, Langston Hughes and Zora Neal Hurston and jazz artists like Louis Armstrong and Eubie Blake. The  Harlem  Renaissance  called  for  a  “New  Negro”  who  was  a  full  citizen  and  a  social   equal to whites

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1944- An American Dilemma, written by Gunnar Myrdal. Exposed the contradiction between  America’s  profession  that  “all  men  are  created  equal”  and  its  treatment  of  black   citizens

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AP US HISTORY OUTLINE DOMESTIC ISSUES AND POLICIES (1919-1932) ELECTION OF 1920: The  Republican’s  selected  Ohio  Senator  Warren  G.  Harding,   with Massachusettes Governor Calvin Coolidge as his running mate. The Democrats nominated James M. Cox and Franklin D. Roosevelt. Though Harding was not the most qualified man for office, he appealed to the American population with his down to earth nature and defeated Cox. WARREN G. HARDING: Served an administration that was full of scandal. The conduct of his cabinet members brought Harding, and the Republican party, considerable criticism. TEAPOT DOME AFFAIR: Said to be one of the most important scandals that occurred during  Harding’s  presidency.  Naval  oil  reserve  jurisdiction  was  given  to  the  Department   of the Interior, headed by secretary Albert D. Fall, who leased Teapot Dome to oil interests for a bribe. Secretary of the Navy Edwin N. Denby, who had consented to the transfer of the reserves, was forced to resign. ANDREW MELLON: Selected as Secretary of Treasury under Presidents Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover. Mellon believed that high taxes increased the cost of living, and believed passionately in the reduction of taxes. In just his first three years as secretary, he succeeded  in  reducing  the  Government’s  annual  budget  by  $4  billion.  The Revenue Act (1924) was  inspired  by  “The  Mellon  Plan”,  a  balanced  tax  reform  program  based  on  the   idea  of  lowering  taxes  out  of  surplus  revenues.  The  Act  reduced  the  taxpayers’  bill  by   $400 million annually and reduced the WWI inherited public debt by almost $10 billion between 1921 and 1930. WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT: Following his presidency, he was selected as Chief Justice by Harding. Taft lead the Supreme Court in overturning multiple progressive reform ideas, including many that placed taxes on businesses. NORMALCY: A concept introduced by Warren G. Harding in May 14, 1920 that represented  the  immediate  abandonment  of  Wilson’s  foreign  and  domestic  policies.  It   was supported by businessmen because it raised protective tariffs and greatly reduced taxes. ESCH-CUMMINS TRANSPORTATION ACT: The transportation act of 1920 allowed the government to take over the railroads from December 26, 1917 until March 1, 1920. Though ignoring important maintenance, the railroads were forced to carry 85

heavy traffic and the result was an attempt to insure the railroad operation that was very important at the time. IMMIGRATION: Congress limited the allowed immigration to about 350,000 people annually in 1921. In 1924, the annual number of immigrants was reduced to 164,000 people. The immigration was also restricted to 2% of the total number of people who had lived in the U.S. from a respective country since 1890 and basically completely rejected Asians, especially Japanese. The Quota act (1921) intended to smother the fear that came with so many new immigrants. These acts greatly reduced the number of immigration of foreign people into the U.S. and for the first time in history caused immigration numbers to be lower than those of people leaving America (1931). CONFERENCE FOR PROGRESSIVE POLITICAL ACTION (CPPA): A committee put in place with a desire to revive the progressive era and its policies. The CPPA supported pro-labor and pro-farmer policies, as well as placing utilities (telephone, electricity, etc.) under government ownership. KU KLUX KLAN (KKK): Founded in 1866 in Pulaski, Tennesee in 1800, the KKK was anit-foreign, anti-Catholic, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-Communist, antiinternationalist, anti-revolutionary, anti-gambling, anti-adultery, anti-birth control, and anti-black.  The  reestablishment  of  “White  Supremecy”  was  their  main  mission,  followed   by destroying radical political power. Though formally disbanded in 1869, a revival of the organization came in 1915, and continued through the century. HARDING TO COOLIDGE: On August 2, 1923 Warren G. Harding die of a heart attack, Vice President Calvin Coolidge took over the presidency before deciding to run on his own in 1924. Coolidges first message to congress after taking over the office called for an isolation in foreign policy, limited aid to farmers, and tax cuts. ELECTION OF 1924: Robert La Follette was nominated for the Progressive Party, which was also supported by the Socialist Party and the AFL. John W. David was nominated by the Democrats as a compromise, and Coolidge was nominated by the Republicans. Coolidge was victorious, taking 54% of the vote. CALVIN COOLIDGE: Coolidge strongly opposed progressivism and believed that there should be no government obligation to protect its citizens against natural disasters. Like Harding her also allowed his cabinet a free hand in dealing with foreign affairs. He believed that America should seek out foreign markets and retain from entangling alliances, especially with the League of Nations. LATIN AMERICA: Calvin  Coolidge’s  administration  followed  the  idea  of Imperialism when it came to dealing with Lating America, who were eager to denounce U.S. business practices. Scretary of State Charles Evan Hughes was, luckily, able to dissuade Latin America from passing an anti-U.S. resolution. SCOPES TRIAL: The teaching of evolution in public schools was outlawed by the Tennessee legislature in 1925, and the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) 86

volunteered to defend any teacher who would challenge the law. William Jennings Bryan stepped up and was defended by Clarence Darrow,  head  of  ACLU’s  lawyers).   MCNARY-HAUGEN BILL: Sought to authorize the government to buy surpluses and sell them overseas in order to keep agricultural prices high. Coolidge vetoed the bill in a reflection  of  his  fear  of  “the  tyranny  of  bureaucratic  regulation”.  Coolidged  determined   the  bill  to  be  an  unconstitutional  scheme  because  the  public’s  welfare  would  be  expended   in order to benefit agriculture. ELECTION OF 1928: Al Smith was nominated for the Democrats after serving as Governor of New York. Herbert Hoover was nominated for the Republicans and, though inexperienced, manage to come out on top. Coolidge had selected not to run for Presidential office again. WELFARE CAPITALISM: Hoover believed that cutthroat capitalism was not necessary and that economic development need corporate cooperation when it came to workers’  wages  and  regulations  of  production.  This  idea  was  welcomed  and  supported  by   Hoover. VOLUNTARISM: One  of  Hoover’s  beliefs  was  that  a  “socially  responsible  economic   order”  could  not appear through government persuasion, only by the voluntary actions of the Capitalist leaders. To Hoover, this was a way to move toward corporate consolidation and cooperation quicker. FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD: Tried to establish an easy credit policy by increasing the rate on federal reserve notes in order to decrease speculation. The board also warned member banks against loaning money for stock-buying purposes. The stock market crash of 1929 proved that their ideas had been ignored. BLACK THURSDAY: The great stock market crash (October 29, 1929). The decline of agriculture, the unregulated trade inside the stock-buying process, and the panic that led to many bank foreclosures all added up to reasons of why the crash occurred. By 1932 over $40 million in paper values had been lost by stockholders. THE GREAT DEPRESSION: The Great Depression was not caused only by the stock market crash of 1929. The inflation of agriculture, the stock market policies that were uncontrolled, the industrial overproduction of goods, the loss of enthusiasm towards the production of consumer products, and the overconfidence the American people had in the economy all combined to drop America to the bottom. Nobody was buying anything, and by 1930 the depression had become a national crisis. Over 12 million people were unemployed and all the responsibility was turned over to Herbert Hoover. Much of the blame though, was sent back to Calvin Coolidge on claims that it was his term and administration that had sent the country into its great downfall. FEDERAL HOME LOAN ACT: In 1931, the act was created. A five man Home Load Board and multiple banks were created to handle home mortgages and provide money to homeowners that needed loans. 87

NATIONAL CREDIT CORPORATION (NCC): In 1931 the NCC was created and under the persuasion of Herbert Hoover, got the largest banks in America to provide lending agencies. These agencies would give banks, facing foreclosure, money they could use for loans. HAWLEY-SMOOT TARIFF: Raised protective tariffs on the US by pushing rate on imported goods to their highest point. I tariff followed the trend of isolation that the US had begun moving towards at the time. BONUS ARMY: A group of WWI veterans who had been promised economic relief from the government following their involvement in the war. In 1932, the deadline for the veterans was extended to a later date, angering the veterans and causing a large group of them to march into Washington DC and demand the money they had been promised. The protestors were pulled  apart  with  great  force  and  Hoover’s  popularity  plummeted  after   the incident because they veterans were seen as national heroes. “HOOVERVILLES”: The  name  given  to  any  “shanty  town”  that  appeared  during   Herbert  Hoover’s  presidency.  The  cold,  unfriendly  manner to which Herbert Hoover used when dealing with helping the poor was what inspired the name. Hoover believed that the economy would be stifled if aid was wasted on the poor.

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CAUSES OF WWII WWI – Triple Alliance (Axis: Germany, Italy, and Austria Hungary) vs. Triple Entente (Allied: France, British, Russia) – Alliances in WWII mirrored those of WWI. Treaty of Versailles – treaty after WWI, Germany lost colonies and lands, had to pay victors for damages and was forced to have a limited military. Treaty of Versailles crippled Germany and caused severe inflation and economic problems, which Hitler used to his advantage to gain power. US Isolationism – Following WWI, US did not want to become involved in another foreign affair. The Great Depression – worldwide depression caused by overspeculation and panicked selling during 1929. Militaristic regimes in Japan and Germany were able to gain control of governments by promising prosperity to the poverty-stricken populace.

Other  causes… Hitler’s  aggression  and  breaking  of   the treaty of Versailles Aggression of Italy and Japan Democratic Powers were passive: USA – Isolated France – couldn’t  rely  on  America’s   or  Britian’s  support Britain - Sympathetic to German recovery between 1934 and 1937, appeased Germany 1937 to 1939 League of Nations did nothing

HITLER = BAD DUDE 1933 – Hitler  gain’s  power  in  Germany  and  begins  his  reign  of  terror Axis powers come together when alliances are signed between Germany and Italy (1936) and Germany and Russia (1939). Allies get freaked out, but US stays isolated. They do begin to supply Britain after the Neutrality Act of 1939 (this is the cash-and-carry policy, later lend-lease). Hitler breaks the Treaty of Versailles by rebuilding German military and remilitarizing the Rhineland and occupied Austria. 1937 – Japan invades Manchuria, Roosevelt avoided adherence to the Neutrality Acts by denying  that  Japan’s  actions  constituted  a  war, and he continued to supply China. 1937 – USS Panay sunk by Japanese Forces. Roosevelt accepted a formal apology and avoided war. (isolationism) 1938 – Munich Conference allowed Hitler to absorb Czechoslovakia. 1939 – Germany and Russia sign a non-aggression pact;;  Hitler  doesn’t  have  to  worry   about a two-fronted war. 92

September 1, 1939 – German forces invade Poland, and as a result, Britain and France declare war on Germany. World War II Begins THE  WAR  TO  END  ALL  WARS…again… 1940 – Belgium, Denmark, The Netherlands, Norway, and France fall to the Nazis. Britain is the last Allied stronghold left in Europe. 1941 – Hitler makes his worst career move and attacks northward into Russia. An early winter forces him to retreat within sight of Moscow. He now fights a two-front war, the same situation that defeated Germany in WWI. December 7, 1941 – Japan attacks Pearl Harbor and leaves some 3,000 men dead and probably half the pacific fleet disabled. Luckily, neither the USS Lexington nor the USS Enterprise (aircraft  carriers)  were  present  on  the  “day that will live in infamy.”  This  ends   American isolationism and for last time, the US Congress declares war, and the USA enters WWII fully. As a result of Pearl Harbor, Executive Order 9066 is issued and 110,000 JapaneseAmericans were packed up and sent to internment camps, where they spent the duration of the war. This was an attempt to hamper Japanese espionage and sabotage efforts in the US. o Korematsu vs. USA upheld the Constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, using the elastic clause (necessary and proper) as justification. Atlantic Charter basically  says,  “Germany  first,  Japan  later.” June 3-6, 1942 – At the Battle of Midway the Japanese lose four aircraft carriers and get pwned by Admiral Chester Nimitz. This is the turning point of the war in the Pacific, since the air power of the Japanese fleet was basically eradicated. Without an offensive capability,  the  Japanese  could  only  sit  and  wait… General Douglas MacArthur utilized island-hopping tactics to avoid the heavily defended islands and starve them by taking the surrounding islands and blockading the strongholds. June 19, 1944 – All of the territory captured by the Japanese was back in Allied hands, and American forces began bombing Tokyo. BACK IN EUROPE Back in Europe: for the first several years of the war, the Soviet army was pretty much fighting the Germans single-handedly, losing 20 million people in the process but shouldering the brunt of the German army. Without the Soviet sacrifices, Hitler would have been far more formidable when the US came to face him. In the early years of the war, the Allies attacked in Northern Africa and Italy, while the Russians counterattacked and were able to regain much of the land they had lost earlier in Hitler’s  blitzkrieg. This shows how both Britain and the US were still reluctant to engage Germany in a frontal assault. The Tehran Conference is held in Iran in 1944 and Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin meet and agree to make simultaneous attacks on Germany. June 6, 1944 – D-Day (Operation Overlord) begins, and the largest amphibious assault in the history of mankind was made on the beaches of Normandy, France. 20,000 US soldiers perished the attempt, but the battle was considered a success. Dwight D. Eisenhower was in command of Allied forces in Europe. o The night of June 5th, the 101st Airborne Division dropped behind enemy lines using chutes and gliders to disrupt the Germans before the beach assault. August 1944 – US forces liberated Paris 93

December 16, 1944 – In the woods around Bastogne, France, the Nazis launch a massive counterattack in what would be called the Battle of the Bulge. For  ten  days  Hitler’s  forces   penetrated Allied lines, until finally they were stopped by the frostbitten and poorly equipped 101st Airborne. US, British, and Soviet forces work their way towards Berlin and begin to encounter Nazi concentration camps. Prior to this, their existence had been only rumored. FDR died of a brain hemorrhage on April 12, 1945. Adolf Hitler shot himself in a bunker on April 30, 1945 May 7, 1945 – less than a year after the US becomes involved in Germany, Nazi forces surrender and the next day was celebrated as V-E Day (Victory in Europe). THE PACIFIC WINDS DOWN BETWEEN 1944 AND 1945 The remaining elements of the Japanese fleet are destroyed at the Battle of Leyte Gulf 82,000 people die in the firebombing of Tokyo on March 9-10, 1945, showing that conventional  bombing  isn’t  necessarily  more  humane  than  nuclear;;  just  takes  more  bombs. March 1945 – the island of Iwo-Jima is captured despite an almost fanatical defense by the Japanese. At the end of the 25 day assault, 212 Japanese soldiers are taken captive out of the 22,000 stationed there. *Famous flag-raising picture taken during this battle* April and May, 1945 – The Battle of Okinawa becomes the last major battle of the Pacific. It is the largest sea-land-air battle in history. At the Potsdam Conference,  the  US  demanded  that  Japan  “surrender  or  be  destroyed.”     Japanese leaders, oblivious to the nuclear weapons were about to unleash, choose not to surrender, expecting a ground invasion just like Normandy. o A ground invasion of Japan was actually planned with Operation Downfall, but the plan was never followed to fruition because of the nukes. o Throughout the war, a secret government project at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico called the Manhattan Project had been underway, which was aimed at utilizing the power of a nuclear fission reaction. August 6, 1945 – Harry Truman ordered the dropping of the atomic bomb on the “virgin  target”  of  Hiroshima. Around 80,000 people were killed instantly, with many more succumbing after the fact. The largest single attack on civilians in human history. Three days later, a bomb was dropped on Nagasaki and 40,000 perish in the initial blast. September 2, 1945 – 6 years and a day after it started, WWII ended when Japanese forces surrendered aboard the USS Missouri, a survivor of Pearl Harbor 4 years before. This day becomes known as V-J Day (victory in Japan) THE WAR AT HOME WWII showed the manufacturing power of the US, as we were able to churn out thousands of cars, trucks, and planes, hundreds of ships, and millions of rifles. With the bulk  of  America’s  male  workforce  off  fighting  the  war,  alternate  sources of labor had to be found. Rosy the Riveter – movement that encouraged women to work in the factories supplying their husbands who were off fighting in the Pacific and in Europe. Got women out of the house and into the workplace. Opened the door for further advancements of women’s  rights  by  organizations  like  NOW, headed by Betty Friedan.

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Bracero Program – program that brought in Mexican laborers to work in the factories as well. Better pay and more jobs available. Started a huge migration of immigrants that has continued to this day. The War Production Board rationed gasoline and enforced a national speed limit to save tires after the Japanese seized rubber supplied in the South Pacific. EFFECTS OF THE WAR The USA becomes a superpwner superpower The USA is the only nation that comes out of the war in better shape that when it went in. Basically the Great Depression was truly ended by the massive production required for the war effort. As a result of the success of the military-industrial complex and the jobs it created, many  of  the  New  Deal’s  alphabet  programs  were  abandoned,  including  the  CCC. After the war, the USA had a massive military with which power can be projected around  the  world.    The  success  of  this  “interference”  in  the  affairs  of  foreign nations showed Americans that intervening in the future might work out as well, thus setting the stage for conflicts like Korea and Vietnam. THE COLD WAR BEGINS Feb 1945 – At the Yalta Conference, Germany is split up between the Soviets and the Allies, with France, Britain, Russia, and the USA each getting one fourth of the country. This basically sets the line between Eastern and Western Germany. The Marshall Plan basically  provided  billions  of  dollars  to  help  rebuild  Germany’s   economy and ensure that another Hitler could not rise to power because of the downtrodden German people needing someone to get them out of poverty. The only two superpowers left in the world were the US and the USSR. With the threat of Hitler gone, the two countries became less cooperative. 1948 – NATO was formed, and the Western world banded together to stave off Communism. The Warsaw Pact was a similar alliance of Communist countries, mostly in Eastern Europe. 1949 – Soviet forces blockaded land routes into Berlin and attempted to starve America out of Germany, but we responded with the Berlin Airlift, which kept West Berlin alive through this period. The United Nations is  founded  in  1945,  and  the  US  Senate’s  landslide  approval  shows   how the isolationism that kept us out of the League of Nations is a thing of the past.

LIFE GETS BETTER AT HOME With the development of mechanized cotton picking, many blacks left the south to look for work elsewhere. They saw an improvement in treatment as a result of the war where they fought in hopes of ending oppression. Women also found improved freedom and independence from entering the workplace. Returning soldiers stimulated a baby boom that is still felt today. After the war, the majority of Americans were part of the middle class, and the US entered an unprecedented era of prosperity

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The GI Bill allowed soldiers to go to college free of charge, thus causing education in the US to skyrocket, as many people who might never have been able to afford that kind of education now could, and had access to more careers. DUDES TO KNOW Franklin Delanor Roosevelt: only president to serve 4 terms, guided the US through the Depression and WWII Adolf Hitler: Psychopathic dictator in charge of Germany and wanted to take over the world and commit genocides Josef Stalin: Probably  almost  as  creepy  as  Hitler,  in  charge  of  the  USSR,  Allies  probably  wouldn’t  have  won  without  his  help. Winston Churchill: Prime minister of Britain During the War Dwight D. Eisenhower: Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe, later served as US president Admiral Yamamoto: Commander of the Japanese Fleet and mastermind of the attack on Pearl Harbor Emperor Hirohito: Ruler of Japan during WWII, arguably ceremonial and controlled by the military General MacArthur: Commander of the US forces in the Pacific Harry S. Truman: FDR’s  VP,  replaced  FDR  after  he  died  and  ordered  the  bombings  of  Hiroshima  and  Nagasaki J. Robert Oppenheimer: Headed the Manhattan Project. Later realized the horrors and spoke against development of nukes.

Domestic Policy/Events: 1961-1980 Issues of the period: - Economic  recession  of  the  1970’s - Energy policy, spurred by OPEC embargo - Environmental policies - Advances in Civil Rights - Abortion, AIDS, Sexual Revolution - Domestic Response to the Vietnam Conflict Politics 1963 - Kennedy assassinated during parade in Texas by Oswald – Johnson becomes President

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1964 - Senate  begins  cooperating  with  President  Johnson  to  begin  “Great  Society”  programs which  includes  the  5  P’s:  Peace,  Prosperity,  anti-Poverty, Prudence and Progress 1966 - Department of Transportation created 1967 - Nixon’s  “New  Federalism”  returns  power  to  the  states 1967 - Twenty-fifth Amendment – Allowed VP who becomes Pres. to pick a new VP 1968 - RFK shot, Nixon wins election 1969 - Send Armstrong to the moon, demonstrating our superior space program 1971 - CREEP (Committee for the Reelection of the President) formed to help Nixon get reelected, involved in illegal use of government power as well as the Watergate scandal. 1972 - Nixon defeats George McGovern (antiwar, perceived as a radical) in a landslide election 1972 - National headquarters of the Democratic Party burglarized in the Watergate scandal 1973 - Spiro Agnew (Nixon’s  VP)  resigns  after  accused  of  tax  evasion,  replaced  by  Gerald  Ford 1973-74 - Watergate hearings held by a committee led by Senator Same Ervin 1974 - Nixon resigns, Ford becomes president -First president installed elected by congress -Fully pardons Nixon  and  several  others,  accused  of  “buddy  deal” 1976 -Carter (human rights advocate) defeats Ford 1980 - Reagan wins election over Carter Civil Rights 1963 - Martin  Luther  King  Jr.’s  “I  have  a  dream…”  speech,  march  on  Washington 1963 - Betty Freidan writes The Feminine Mystique, contributing to a revolution in gender roles in  America  during  the  1960’s 1964 - Twenty-fourth Amendment passed, outlaws poll taxes, which allows for more fair and equal voting 1964 - Civil Rights Act of 1964 states that public facilities can no longer be segregated 1964 - The  “Freedom  Summer”  in  which  blacks  in  the  South  (especially  in  Mississippi)  denied   the right to vote were registered by civil rights workers, mostly college volunteers 1965 - Race riots in Detroit, Watts in Los Angeles, Cleveland and Chicago 1965 - Voting Rights Act enforces Blacks right to vote 1965 -Ralph Nadar's Unsafe at any Speed criticized poor construction and design of automobiles 1966 - National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, promotes car safety requirements 1966 - NOW (National Organization of Women) founded with Betty Freidan as its first president 1966 - Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) created, promotes civil rights by ensuring quality housing and urban renewal 1968 - Civil Rights Act of 1968, prohibited discrimination relation to housing and protected civil rights  workers.  AKA  Fair  Housing  Act,  passed  in  part  because  of  MLK  Jr.’s  assassination 1972 - Equal Rights Amendment (27th Amendment) passed congress, calling for equal rights for both sexes - wasn’t  ratified  by  required  number  of  states….supreme  crt  cases,  see  nxt  page Economy 1962 - Business  leaders  denounce  Kennedy’s  proposed  economic  policies,  stop  proposed   increases of steel prices 1968 - Beginning of steepest inflationary cycle in American history, cost of living triples in three decades 1971 - New Economic Policy: wage and price controls to curb inflation 1972-75 - Period of recession 1978-80 - “Tax  Revolt”  begins  with  Proposition  13  in  California,  limiting  property taxes 1980 - Reagan’s  “Reaganomics”  platform,  reduction  of  taxes  and  spending,  “supply-side”   (emphasizes  tax  cuts  and  business  incentives)  and  “trickle  down”  (by  aiding  the  wealthy,   prosperity will trickle down to the masses)

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Environment 1962 - Silent Spring by Rachel Carson, exposes the harms of pesticides and other legal chemicals, sparks the environmental movement 1970 - EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) established 1970 - Clean Air Act establishes air pollution standards, such as emissions ratings 1972 - Clean Water Act regulates discharges of pollution into US waters 1973 - Endangered Species Act requires government to protect endangered animals and plants Energy 1973 - OPEC Oil Embargo skyrockets US oil prices (quadruples by 1974), as a result national speed limit of 55 mph is enforced, interest in alternative energy sources grows 1977 - Department of Energy created, which creates the SPR (Strategic Petroleum Reserve) 1977 - Severe oil shortage caused by OPEC decrease in production 1979 - Three Mile Island Nuclear plant fails, creates concern over the safety of nuclear energy Effects of the Vietnam War 1962 - Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) gains fame with Vietnam protests, later leads to creation of the Weathermen, a terrorist group) 1970 - Kent  State  massacre,  “4  dead  in  Ohio”  killed  while  protesting  invasion  of  Cambodia 1970 - Jackson State students protesting are killed by National Guardsmen (same as Kent State) 1971 - Twenty-sixth Amendment lowers voting age from 21 to 18 so that those who can die for country can also vote in it. This gives a huge college population a voice that they never had. 1973 - Military draft ends (largely due to the new voting population of college students) 1977 - Carter pardons Vietnam era draft evaders Education 1964 - Economic Opportunity Act gives funds for vocational training, creates a Job Corps, creates Head Start program for underprivileged children 1965 - Higher Education Act grants federal scholarships 1979 - Department of Education established

Supreme Court Cases/Events 1962 - Engel v. Vitale - rules that prayer in schools is unconstitutional 1962 - Baker v. Carr - requires appropriation of electoral districts in state legislatures 1966 - Miranda v. Arizona - creates  “Miranda  Rights”  (you  have  the  right  to  remain  silent…) 1967 - Thurgood Marshall appointed as first Black Supreme Court Justice 1971 - Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education - ruling in favor of busing to achieve racial balance in schools 1971 - Griggs v. Duke Power Co. - prohibited intelligence tests that discriminated against minorities and/or women 1971 - Reed vs. Reed - outlawed sexual discrimination 1973 - Gideon v. Wainwright - State must provide legal counsel for defendants in felony cases 1973 - Roe v. Wade - states that restricting abortion is unconstitutional, bases on 1st amendment

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Miscellaneous Government Programs 1961 - Peace Corps created by JFK, encouraging US citizens to help in third world countries 1964 -VISTA (Volunteers in Service to America) created, domestic counterpart to Peace Corps 1965 - Medicare for the elderly and Medicaid for the poor, providing medical care, passed on LBJ’s  Great  Society  platform 1970 - OSHA (Occupational Health and Safety Administration) created as a counterpart to EPA 1971 - Nixon creates the supplemental Security Income (SSI, benefiting the indigent, blind and disabled

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Social Issues and Culture – 1945-1970 Fear of depression/economic boom Everyone afraid of having another depression after war o Inflation up o GNP down Economic boom – 40s to 60s o Most families had two cars 102

o 1960 – 90% of Americans owned a TV  Most of this prosperity due to military spending Family structure o Failing o Many people moved o Dr. Spock – The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care – 1945 o Baby boom due to return of men – 50 million children  Strains on social security Nuclear Hysteria 1949 – Truman announces first Soviet nuclear bomb has exploded US explodes first H bomb in S Pacific Bomb and fall-out shelters built o Underground cement bunkers Cuban Missile Crisis - 1962 o 13 days long o Brink of nuclear war Loyalty Review Board o More than 3,000,000 fed. employees investigated to ensure not Communists. NY – 11 communists convicted for violating Smith Act of 1940 McCarran Internal Security Bill vetoed by Truman o Would have been allowed to detain suspicious people Julius and Ethel Rosenburg convicted Media Nixon’s  checkers  speech  to  save  his  butt Ike = on-air question/answer broadcast o Made to look live, but already set up McCarthy trials, war footage, riots televised Armstrong on moon – 1969 Kennedy televised o Good-looking Ozzie and Harriet and Leave it to Beaver o Depicted  women  as  housewives,  although  in  reality  they  weren’t. “Televangelists” o Billy Graham o Oral Roberts o Fulton J. Sheen Sports Horror of racism as watching black activists be attacked Women in the workplace and growing suburban life 1 out of 4 Americans lived in suburbs Levitt bros o Invented cheap, similar, and close together floor plans. Marilyn Monroe o Playboy o Sexual freedom for women 103

Economy stayed steady in 70s o More women and teenagers in workplace Segregation and Black empowerment Jim Crow laws o Everything segregated in S  20% eligible Blacks could vote b/c of poll taxes and discrimination Jackie Robinson o Signed to Brooklyn Dodgers Nat’l  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Colored  People Rosa Parks/Montgomery Bus Boycotts – 1955 MLK Junior o Southern Christian Leadership Conference Ike sent troops to escort 9 Black students to classes when kicked out by Orval Faubus of Arkansas. Freedom Riders – 1960s o Attempted to help end segregation, frequently attacked o James Meredith attempted to enroll in U. of Miss.  White  students  wouldn’t  allow,  Kennedy  sent  marshals  and  troops   to ensure he got to class. Malcom X – shot 1965 24th amendment – no more poll taxes The 60s – Vietnam, hippies, protests Kennedy – youngest president elected JFK o Peace Corps  Mostly youth = American skills to less developed countries Doves – peace lovers War Hawks – war supporters Youth rebellion o Sex, drugs, defiance, etc 1964 – UC Berkley – Free Speech Movement Dr. Alfred Kinsey o Sexologist o Published Sexual Behavior of the Human Male Manhattan Society – 1951 o Gay rights Students for a Democratic Society o Underground terrorist group  Weathermen 60s  overall  =  3  P’s o Population of youth o Prosperity o Protest of war Presidential policies and attitudes of the era Truman – split Democratic party o Fair Deal 104

o Wish to negotiate out of Korean War. Ike o War hero o Improved New Deal programs o 1957 Civil Rights Act Kennedy o Youngest elected president o Charismatic o Catholic, had support of Catholics o Détente Johnson o “Great  Society” o Helped pass Civil Rights Act of 1964 o Equal Employment Opportunity Commission – less discrimination in hiring. o Dept of Trans., Dept of Housing, Urban Development o Medicare – 1965 Nixon o Vietnamization Court Cases Brown v. Board of Education o Reversed Plessy v. Ferguson Griswold v. Connecticut o Stopped ban on use of contraceptives Esobendo and Miranda o Right for the accused to remain silent Engel v. Vitale o Separation of church and state, no required prayers or bibles Literature Michael Harrington o The Other America Hemingway o The Old Man and the Sea Steinbeck o East of Eden o Travels with Charlie Jones o From Here to Eternity Heller o Catch 22 Vonnegut Jr. o Slaughterhouse-Five Updike o Rabbit o Run o Couples Cheever 105

o Wapshot Chronicle o The Wapshot Scandal

Social Issues and Culture 1961-1992 1. Suburbia Movement from cities to suburbs started with Federal Housing Authority and Veteran's Administration continued. "white flight" Levitt Brothers, close together, cheap housing, By 1960 1 out of 4 Americans lived in suburbs Reinforced by 1974 Miliken v. Bradley court decision that desegregation did not require students to move across school district lines, 106

2. Women's Right's Movement To get same social, economic, and political status as men Change of cultural belief from women's role to be mothers and wives Next wave of change since suffrage inspired by civil rights movement Gloria Steinem- founded Ms. Magazine, helped to found National Women's Political Caucus and Women's Action Alliance Betty Friedan, first president of National Organization for Women (NOW) - a feminist organization in the 70s Worked for passage of Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) Kennedy established first national commission on Status of Women 1961, 1963 report of employment discrimination, unequal pay, legal inequality, majority of commission opposed ERA, equal rights already guaranteed in Constitution ERA approved by congress 1972 as 27th Amendment, but by 1982 only 35 of the required states had passed it, therefore not ratified Equal Pay Act 1963, illegal to pay different wages to men and women for performing the same work. 1963 female's wages in US 58.9% of men's wages , 1995 71.4% of men's Civil Rights Act 1964 barred employment discrimination based on sex, race, color or ethnic origin Economic Stagnation blamed on more women and teenagers in the workplace 3. Segregation and Black Empowerment Jim Crow laws, in south only 20% eligible blacks could vote, due to poll taxes, intimidation and discrimination Kennedy campaigned with appeal to black voters, but need of support of southern legislature for economic and social legislation held him from action 1960 Freedom Ride Bus torched by mob in Alabama caused Kennedy Administration to shift to aid Civil Rights Movement (freedom riders tried to end segregation in facilities serving interstate bus passengers) October 1962 James Meredith escorted to class by 400 federal marshals and 3,000 troops after he encountered violent opposition when he tried to register for University of Mississippi 1963 Martin Luther King Jr. in Birmingham, Alabama civil rights marches 1965 Malcolm X Shot- he urged immediate action against segregation, even violence 24th Amendment removed poll tax 4. Protests, the 60's and counterculture Focus on Younger generation- Kennedy youngest president elected, youngest administration JRK- the Peace Corps- youth bringing American skills to third world countries "Doves" peace lovers vs. "War Hawks" war supporters 1964 Organized Protest at University of Berkeley for Free Speech Movement "sexual revolution" introduction of birth control pill in pill in 1960, 107

sexual tolerance wanted by homosexuals - an attack on gay men by offduty police officers at New York's Stonewall Inn 1969 Worries in 1980s about STDs slowed the revolution Students for a Democratic Society forefront of antipoverty and anti war campaigns created terrorist group called the Weathermen 3 Ps: youthful population bulge, protest against racism and Vietnam war, apparent permanence of prosperity 1970 after Nixon ordered Cambodian Invasion Kent State University Ohio students respond with rock throwing arson, National Guard fired into crowd, killed 4, other riots and deaths period of draftability shortened, 1971 26th Amendment lowered voting age to 18 1971 rallies and marches "doves" attempt to shut down gov. in Washington by blocking bridges, streets and intersections 5. New Conservatism Partially a response to counterculture of 60s Evangelical Christian groups, Moral Majority who acted as political fundraisers and organizers Desegregation and affirmative action controversial, "reverse discrimination" 1978 Allan Bakke supreme court case, preferences in admissions could not be given to any group, minority or majority on basis of ethnic or racial identity alone, but could be factors (see court cases) 6. Cars and Oil Since major motor industries such as ford, cars became and increasing part of American life October 1973 Arab nations oil embargo for US support of Israel Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries formed, quadrupled price for crude oil after lifting embargo 1974 1979 OPEC raised petroleum prices after revolution in Iran, shortage caused lines at gas stations or buying on specified days, Carter responds with televised address with citizens being too concerned with "material goods" and falling into a "moral and spiritual crisis" 7. Court Cases Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) struck down state law that prohibited use of contraceptives. "right of privacy" Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) defendants in criminal cases entitled to legal council Escobedo (1964) and Miranda (1966) right of the accused to remain silent and other protections New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) freedom of press, public officials could only sue if "malice" motivated defamers Engel v. Vitale (1962) and School District of Abington Township v. Schempp (1963) against required prayers and Bible readings in public schools Roe v. Wade (1973) legalized abortion 108

Milliken v. Bradley (1974) desegregation plans did not require students to move across school-district lines, Ward's Cove Packing v. Antonia and Martin v. Wilks (1989)- Court made it harder to prove employer practiced reverse discrimination Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989) compromised Roe's Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992) ruled states could restrict access to abortion as long as no "undue burden" on the woman, could require a minor to notify her parents 8. 1960's assorted literature, art, fashion, television, 1693 The Feminine Mystique By Betty Friedan -best seller for new feminist movement art in the sixties influenced by modern age or future space age, artists Alexander Calder, Helen Frankenthaler (desire to escape details to interpret), pop art Andy Warhol To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee Disillusionment theme of Catch-22 and One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest 1963 Where the Wild Things Are controversial children's book by Maurice Sendak Other books, The Silent Spring -Rachel Carson, The Games People PlayEric Berne, Valley of the Dolls- Jacqueline Susann, In Cold BloodTruman Capote, Unsafe at any Speed - Ralph Nader, Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test- Tom Wolfe Skateboards, Barbie dolls, troll doll, Crew cuts, bouffant hair styles, plaid, miniskirts, long hair for some guys, peasant skirts, granny dresses, Woodstock 1969 moon landing televised, Neil Armstrong "That's one small step for man; one giant leap for mankind" June 11, 1963 Kennedy Delivered Televised Speech called racial question a "moral issue", called for civil rights legislation 9. 1970's assorted literature, art, fashion, television, 1971 New York Times Published Pentagon Papers "leaked" by former official Daniel Ellsberg, deceptions of Kennedy and Johnson Administrations Sears Tower Chicago, Bruce Graham, Kimbal Art Museum, Fort Worth All the President's Men- Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward, The Culture of Narcissim: American Life in an Age of Diminishing ExpectationsChristopher Lasch, The Hite Report: A Nationwide Study of Female Sexuality- Shere Hite, I'm OK, You're OK- Thomas A. Harris, Jonathan Livingston Seagull- Richard Bach Annie Hall, movie inspired fashion trend women in traditional men's clothing, Leisure suits for men, bellbottom pants, hip huggers, clogs, Mood rings, lava lamps, rubik's cube, sea monkey's smiley faces, pet rocks, 10. 1980's assorted literature, art, fashion, television, Televised political debates, Reagan & Carter for 1980 election Cosmos - Carl Sagan, Fatherhood - Bill Cosby, Official Preppy Handbook, The Cycles of American History - Arthur Schlesinger, 109

Revenge of the Nerds, Stand by Me, Taco Bell, McDonalds, skittles, Nerds, Runts,

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Key Presidential Elections 1789 – 1896 (larger fonts are most important) 1789 + 1792: Washington -Both elections were uncontested with General Washington the only candidate for President. -VP: John Adams for both terms 1796: Adams - TJ -Federalist Party: VP John Adams, running mate = Thomas Pinckney -Republican Party: Thomas Jefferson

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--Adams wins, but TJ receives more votes than Pinckeny and was elected VP

1800: TJ - Adams -Democratic-Republican: TJ and running mate Aaron Burr defeat Adams

-Constitutional flaw – members of the Electoral College could only vote for President; the VP was the runner up. As a result an electoral tie between Jefferson and Burr occurred. -Solution = 12th amendment, ratified in 1804; electors must make a distinct choice between their selections for Pres and VP 1804: TJ - Pinckeny -TJ easily defeats Federalist Charles Pinckeny, new VP = George Clinton -TJ steadily gaining popularity from 1st term; American trade booming because the French Revolutionary Wars in Europe had been temporarily suspended and the Louisiana Purchase was heralded as a great achievement 1808: Madison-Pinckney -DR James Madison defeats Federalist Charles Pinckney -Madison had served as Secretary of State under TJ -VP Clinton was also a candidate for presidency; this election was the first of only two instances in history where a new President would be selected, but the former VP would serve (the reelection of John C. Calhoun in 1838 was the other) -Despite  criticisms  of  TJ’s  Embargo (o grab me) Act of 1807, Pinckney lost and carried only a few votes outside New England 1812: Madison - Clinton -The election takes place in the shadow of the War of 1812 -DR James Madison re elected over Republican Dewit Clinton (the nephew of George Clinton) -The Federalists supported Clinton, but Madison won handily 1816: Monroe - King -Madison’s  Secretary  of  State,  James  Monroe  was  seen  as  pre  ordained  to  succeed  Madison  as  president -The Federalist Party in collapse – they made no formal nomination, though many supported NY Senator Rufus King -Still, Monroe won the Electoral College 183 to 34 1820: Monroe – no one -This election was the third and last in which a candidate ran unopposed -Monroe and VP Daniel D. Tompkins were reelected without a serious campaign -The previous four years evidenced the start of the Era of Good Feeling: --International tensions at a minimum with the end of the Napoleonic Wars --The Federalist Party had collapsed, and no new opposition party had arisen to take its place -> the federal government was single party --The US had expanded: Florida Territory had been bought from Spain, and five new states (MS, IL. AL, MO, ME) had been added

1824: JQA - Jackson – Crawford – Clay -The Republican party splintered as four separate candidates all sought the presidency --The faction led by Jackson would evolve into the Democratic Party, while those led by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay would become the National Republican Party, and later the Whigs -Since the 12th amendment, this was the first election to be thrown into the House of Representatives, as well as the first time the president did not win the electoral vote -The  election  was  more  a  contest  of  “favorite  sons”  than  of  conflicting  policies;;  the  candidates   (except for Crawford) were primarily backed by different parts of the country – JQA in the Northeast, Jackson in the South, Clay in the West 1828: Jackson – JQA -Rematch between JQA and Jackson under the Democratic Party – Jackson wins -Election notable for the mud slinging on both candidates

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1832: Jackson – Clay -Jackson is reelected against Henry Clay of the National Republican party -The campaign revolved around the 2nd Bank of the US. Jackson vetoed the renewal of the Bank’s  charter  and  withdrew  federal  deposits.  Attacks by Clay and Whigs did nothing as Jackson convinced the population that he was defending them against a privileged elite. 1836: Martin Van Buren – Daniel Webster – William Henry Harrion – Hugh Lawson White -The election was significant because: --It was the last election until 1988 to result in the elevation of an incumbent Vice President to the nation's highest office. --It was the only race in which a major political party intentionally ran several presidential candidates. The Whigs ran three different candidates in different regions of the country, hoping that each would be popular enough to defeat Democratic standard-bearer Martin Van Buren in their respective areas. (Webster in New England, Harrison in the WEst, White in the South). The House of Representatives could then decide between the competing Whig candidates. This strategy failed: Van Buren won a majority of the electoral vote and became President. --This election is the first (and to date only) time in which a Vice Presidential election was thrown into the Senate. 1840: Harrison – Van Buren -Van Buren fights for reelection against an economic depression and a unified Whig Party behind Harrison -“Tippecanoe  and  Tyler,  too”  – the Whigs easily beat Van Buren -Election unique in that electors cast votes for 4 men who had been or would become President: Van Buren, Harrison, VP John Tyler, James Polk

1844: Polk - Clay -1st election to see an incumbent President seek nomination and fail to receive it – John Tyler was abandoned by the Democrats and hated by the Whigs -Democratic nominee James K. Polk ran on a platform that embraced American territorial expansionism,  or  “Manifest  Destiny”

-By informally tying the Oregon boundary dispute to the more controversial Texas debate, the Democrats appealed to both Northern and Southern expansionists and -Polk wins a narrow victory over Whig Henry Clay -Last election to be held on different days in different states 1848: Taylor – Cass -Polk does not seek reelection – Whig Zachary Taylor beats Democrat Lewis Cass 1852: Pierce – Scott -Democrat Franklin Pierce defeats Whig Winfield Scott -Campaign platforms almost indistinguishable 1856: Buchanan – Fremont - Fillmore -The Republicans crusaded against slavery, condemned the Kansas-Nebraska Act --Nominated John Fremont -The Democrats took a laissez faire approach to slavery expansion, advocating popular sovereignty --Pierce not re nominated by the Democrats, who instead selected James Buchanan -3rd party,  the  American  Party  or  “Know  Nothings”  ignored  the  slavery  issue and won a quarter of the vote with Millard Fillmore (the Whig Party had disintegrated)

1860: Lincoln – Douglas - Breckinridge – Bell -Series  of  debates:  “Freeport  Doctrine”  – people had the power, regardless of the Supreme Court ruling, slavery would not exist if people voted this way -Democratic Party Splits- Southern democrats preferred to break up the party rather than vote for Douglas

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--Nomination convention: southerners walk out and chose Beckinridge; remaining members chose Douglas (for popular sovereignty) --Some joined the Constitutional Union Party (Bell) -Republican platform had appeal to every non-southern group, with the containment of slavery at its core -Lincoln = a sectional and minority president and was not allowed on the southern ballot --40% popular vote (won because the democratic party was split) -Lincoln’s  election:  South  Carolinians  rejoiced,  now  had  an  excuse  to  secede 1864: Lincoln – McClellan -Election took place during Civil War – Confederate  states  didn’t  participate --“Don’t  change  horses  in  the  middle  of  a  stream” --Union victory was obvious at this point; Lincoln wins by over 400,000 popular votes 1868: Grant - Seymour -Election took place during Reconstruction; three former Confederate states (Virginia, Mississippi, and Texas) were not yet readmitted to the Union -President Andrew Johnson not a candidate --Republican: Ulysses S. Grant --Democrat: Horatio Seymour -With freed blacks voting in the South and with massive popularity in the North as a war hero – Grant wins 1872: Grant – Greeley -Despite a split in the Republican Party (which made many Republicans support Horace Greeley) Grant is reelected -After the popular vote, before the electoral college, Greeley died; voters for him split between 4 other presidential candidates

1876: Hayes – Tilden

-Democrats:  Tilden,  Republicans:  Hayes  “waving  the  bloody  shirt”  was  successful   -Tilden won popular vote, but was short in the electoral votes --5 members each from the house, senate and Supreme Court were chose to solve this problem -> gave the election to Hayes -Compromise of 1877: promised to show consideration for southern interests, end reconstruction, and withdraw federal troops from the South in exchange for Democratic acquiescence in his election 1880: Garfield – Hancock -Election  of  1880  seen  as  a  referendum  on  the  Republicans’  relaxation  of  Reconstruction  efforts  in  the  South  – no pressing issues in campaign -Hayes does not seek reelection --Republican: James Garfield, Democrat: Winfield Scott Hancock 1884: Cleveland - Blaine -Mudslinging and personal acrimony at an extreme level -Cleveland becomes the first Democratic President since the Civil War -NY the crucial state – causes Cleveland to win 1888: Harrison – Cleveland -Cleveland received the greatest number of popular votes, but Republican Benjamin Harrison had 233 electoral votes over  Cleveland’s  168 1892: Cleveland – Harrison -Cleveland = only person to be elected to non consecutive presidential terms, as well as the first Democrat to be nominated by his party three consecutive times (only FDR would match this) -Campaign issues: tariff, gold standard, labor -Cleveland supported in the South and industrial Northeast

1896: McKinley – W.J. Bryan

-Republican: McKinley – maintain gold standard and protective tariffs 117

-“Silver  Democrats”  – Bryan, platform similar to populists

--coinage of silver (16:1), graduated income tax, condemnation of tariffs, monopolies -“Cross  of  Gold”  Speech -Hanna assumed he could make the tariff the campaign focus, but it was second to the free silver issue (a religious as much as financial issue) -McKinley’s  election  (Repub.  grip  on  White  House  for  16  consecutive  years)  =  victory  for  big   business and cities, middle class values, and financial conservatism -Bryan’s  defeat  marked  the  last  serious effort to win with mostly agrarian votes; the future of presidential politics lay in the cities

Key Presidential Elections of the 20th Century 1912 Wilson Democratic Nominee New Freedom -called for breaking up large corporations, rather than regulating them Didn’t  like  compromise

T. Roosevelt Taft Progressive Nominee Republican Nominee New Nationalism -urged national Little focus in press government to increase power to help society Split  Republican  Party  leading  to  Wilson’s  win

1932 FDR Democratic Nominee “Happy  Days  are  here  again” New Deal for  the  “forgotten  man,”   goal  of  “experimentation,”  but  not   clear about what he planned to do; repeal of prohibition, government aid for unemployed, cut in government spending

Hoover Republican Nominee Nominated without enthusiasm Platform called for continuation of his depression policies

Hoover had been swept into office in Inauguration  day:  “the  only  thing  we   1928 only to be swept out four years have  to  fear  is  fear  itself” later with equal force African  Americans’  votes  migrate  from  the  Republican  Party  to  the   Democratic Party

1948 Truman Democratic Nominee Democratic Party split; States’  Rights  Democrats  

Dewey Republican Nominee Nominated without enthusiasm

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(Dixiecrats) nominated Thurmond First President in a long time without a college education

Thought to be the winner by press; Chicago  Tribune  prints  “DEWEY   DEFEATS  TRUMAN”  election   night

Truman wins and congress is controlled by Democrats again

1952 Eisenhower Republican Nominee Nixon was the running mate Nixon is left to the campaigning, and when caught in slush fund goes to public  with  “Checkers speech” Plebiscitarian politics- demonstrated the power the TV would have in future decades Eisenhower easily won; personal not party victory First time since reconstruction that Republicans won some Southern states

Stevenson Democratic Nominee Initially refused nomination Hesitancy to run became fodder for much political satire “Let's  talk  sense  to  the  American   people. Let's tell them the truth, that there  are  no  gains  without  pains.” “Man  with  a  Hole  in  his  Shoe”

1960 JFK Democratic Nominee Catholicism was a major issue until he told a gathering of Protestant ministers that he accepted separation 119

Nixon Republican Nominee Tried to strengthen his position on the ticket by playing up his foreign policy work as Vice President even

of church and state and that he would though he came to congress at the not allow Catholic leaders to tell him same time as JFK how to act – encouraged Catholics to vote for him and if he lost votes in the south due to his religion he gained them back in the north Televised Debates between JFK and Nixon created a positive image for Presented similar agenda to JFK JFK and was the turning point in the election Youngest president ever elected President Eisenhower undercut Victory based on majorities in New Nixon when he was asked what England, Middle Atlantic, and the major decisions the Vice President South had participated in making by Inaugural Address:  “Ask  not  what   responding  “If  you  give  me  a  week,  I   your country can do for you, but might  think  of  one.” what  you  can  do  for  your  country.”

1964 Johnson Democratic Nominee Used Tonkin Gulf episode to demonstrate that he didn’t  want  a   huge war, and in turn implied that Goldwater did Landslide victory for Johnson Voter’s  choose  him  because  of   fondness for the Kennedy legacy, faith in Great Society programs, and fear of Goldwater

Goldwater Republican Nominee Attacked federal income tax, Social Security, TVA, nuclear test-ban, and Johnson’s  Great  Society Aggressive  “rightism”  repelled   millions of his fellow Republicans Media  dramatized  Goldwater’s   approval of nuclear weapon usage, and exploited his image as a triggerhappy  cowboy  who  would  “Barry   us”  in  the debris of WWII Cracking the once solid south Goldwater carried his native state, Arizona, and five other states, all of them in the south

1984 Reagan Republican Nominee Drew support from groups such as Moral Majority, founded by

Mondale Democratic Nominee Geraldine Ferraro, a congresswoman from New York, was the running 120

Fundamentalists Also appealed to people with his inyour-face anti-Soviet stance

mate First woman to appear on a major party presidential ticket Criticized Reagan for his budget deficits, high unemployment and interest rates, and reduction of spending on social services

Won all states except Minnesota, Mondale’s  home  state,  and  the   District of Columbia Broke apart the democratic coalition of industrial workers, farmers, and the poor that had existed since FDR’s  time

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