Chun, Tae Soo Huh, James Kozirovskiy, David Yoon, Christopher 4/17/13 Period 1
APUSH Religion Review
Early Colonial Development 1. Massachusetts Bay • Puritans/ Congregationalists –
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Pilgrims were nonSeparatists who wanted to reform Evangelical church Separatists who wanted to separate from the church to the came to the New World first
Early Colonial Development Massachusetts Bay Colony • John Winthrop was the leader – “We shall be a city upon a hill.”
• Halfway Covenant (1662) – Allowed inclusion of children from unconverted parents – Increased church participation
• Salem Witch Trials (1692) – Demonstrated religious instability.
Early Colonial Development Roger Williams in Rhode Island (1636) – He believed that the colony cannot control the individual beliefs of the individuals. – Wall of separation
• He promoted a sense of free religion. • He left Mass. in 1692 and founded the town of Providence which grew into the Rhode Island Colony – It had many religious groups: Catholic, Jewish, Quaker, etc.
Early Colonial Development Anne Hutchinson • Anne Hutchinson was a follower of Antinomianism which went against the teachings of the Puritan church. • She challenged traditional gender roles and Puritan orthodoxy. • She was later exiled by the colony.
Early Colonial Development 2. Quakers in Pennsylvania • William Penn – He received some land from the king to establish a new state.
• Religious freedom and civil liberties – Penn endorsed a concept of freedom, esp. freedom of religion. – Pennsylvania did not have an official church. – The state was highly diverse.
• Fair and Equal Treatment Among Natives – Penn wanted the citizens to treat the natives with respect. – However, the two had very different societies especially in terms of property.
Early Colonial Development 3. Catholics in Maryland • Lord Baltimore – Baltimore founded a Catholic refuge in Maryland
• Act of Toleration (1649) – It was the first law establishing religious tolerance in the colonies. – It mandated religious tolerance for Trinitarian Christians
4. Anglican Church/ Church of England • Established in royal and proprietary colonies – Most visible in the south colony – Georgia was the only colony founded by England; it was a buffer state. – Did not allow other faiths.
Early Colonial Development 5. By 1700s, Protestantism dominated the colonies. 6. By 1700, women constituted majority of church membership. • This was part of the First Great Awakening. • This was the only place where the women had any power.
First Great Awakening 1. More on spirit and emotion rather than doctrine and procedure • Response against Enlightenment which focused on reason and science. –
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The Enlightenment gave birth to Deism which said that a supreme being set the natural world.
Designed to recuperate lost membership among Christians.
First Great Awakening 2. George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards • Both were great orators. • George Whitefield preached Christianity based on emotionalism/spirituality which is manifested in Southern Evangelicalism. • Jonathan Edwards preached severe, predeterministic doctrines of Calvinism. –
Jeremiads such as “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” depicted a graphic Hell.
First Great Awakening 4. Development and Growth of Southern Denominations • Baptists and Methodists converted blacks and slaves in the South. – Whites welcomed blacks into active roles in congregation (preachers).
• Presbyterians converted in frontier lands. – Prayer town.
First Great Awakening 5. Loss of Membership • Congregationalists/Puritans – Edwards sparked a growth toward “inner” faith and broke religious unity in New England. – Separation of Church and State
• Quakers – New German and Irish Immigrants overthrew the Quakers in Pennsylvania who were attacked by Natives.
• Anglicans – The Great Awakening was opposed to the Anglican church and spread resentment.
Revolutionary Era 1. Independence became a righteous cause • Following a series of unjust practices, the colonies decided to separate from England –
No taxation without representation.
2. Splintered Anglican Church in America – Loyalists vs. Patriots. • Loyalists tended to be loyal to the Anglican Church. –
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They were called Episcopalians.
Patriots gravitated toward the colonial religions such as Congregationalism and Deism.
Constitutional Period 1. Constitution established a secular government • Separation of Church and State • First Amendment in the Bill of Rights calls for freedom of religion.
Second Great Awakening 1. Developed to revive religious dedication, convert non-Christians, and reform society and culture on moral grounds. 2. Spearheaded by Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians through Evangelicalism • Began in New York and spread throughout country, sparking intense period of evangelicalism in South/West • So heavily evangelized that there were no more people left to convert
Second Great Awakening 3. Benevolent/ Temperance Societies • Temperance societies to combat social evils- prohibit alcohol, outlaw forms of gambling, rehabilitate women in prostitution • American Temperance Society (1826) encouraged people to sign pledge and not drink – 18th Amendment soon passed prohibiting alcohol throughout nation – Women were leaders
Second Great Awakening 4. Reform Societies • Schools for deaf, blind, and disabled – Penitentiaries, asylums, orphanages establishedpopularize notion that society is responsible for welfare of least fortunate and care for them
• Education Reform – Horace Mann pushed for public education and education reform in general- established first “normal school” for teacher training, used standardized tests, lengthened school year
Second Great Awakening • Abolitionism – William Lloyd Garrison published The Liberator in which he and other authors publicly denounced slavery. – Fredrick Douglass was a runaway slave who escaped to the North and published an autobiography about his life as a slave.
• Effect mostly noticed in the North – Growth of slavery in the North – Mostly unaffected in the South
Second Great Awakening 5. Mormons/ Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (1830) • Founded by Joseph Smith • Strong sense of community but hated by the rest 6. Southern Baptists (1840s) • began to interpret the Bible as supporting the practice of slavery and encouraged good paternalistic practices by slaveholders – Southern farmers
Second Great Awakening 7. Growth of black churches through Evangelicalism • Black Methodists Churches founded- African Episcopal Church and first African Methodist Episcopal-the first independent black denominations in the United States • Baptists welcomed blacks as members and preachersindependent black congregations numbered in the several hundred in some cities of the South
Second Great Awakening 8. Churches of Christ (1840s) • Relied on the Bible alone for doctrine and practice, no formalized doctrine; non-denominational belief in New Testament • Avoided doctrinal and procedural elements of religion 9. Irish Immigration (1840s) • Potato famine • They were mostly Catholic
Utopian Communities 1. Shakers • Religious communal movement –
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Based on the teachings of Ann Lee
Common ownership of goods Strict gender separation –
The houses were divided between the men and the women.
2. Oneida Community • Shared property and family • Believed in free love –
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Disapproved of possession and believed in communal property
They wanted to make the community like Heaven.
Utopian Societies 3. New Harmony – Robert Owen • Character is based on environment • Created a factory system in the clan which determined a person’s worth based on the quality of the items. • Socialist 4. Brook Farm – George Ripley • Founded by a joint-stock company – People received a portion of the profit based on equal work.
• Transcendentalist ideal • The school was the main source of income.
Third Great Awakening 1. Social and moral activism in response to Gilded Age conditions • Urbanization and industrialization led to overcrowding, unsanitary conditions, harsh working conditions, widening socioeconomic gap
Third Great Awakening 2. Social Gospel • Christian duty to help improve social conditions • The movement was led by middle-class women • Settlement Houses – Settlement houses offered services such as daycare, education, and health care to needy people in slum neighborhoods- helped the poor and immigrants improve their lives – First opened by Jane Addams
• Gospel of Wealth – moneys reach the community in a way that could improve the living conditions of the needy and that the money could be regenerated in the society – Written by Andrew Carnegie
Third Great Awakening 3. Temperance Movement • Movement tying to stop alcohol • Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (1874) – Women who were concerned about alcohol. – primary objective: “protection of the home"
• Anti-Saloon League (1893) – non-partisan organization that focused on the single issue of prohibition – primary purpose was to unify and focus anti-alcohol sentiment effectively to achieve results
Third Great Awakening 4. Jehovah’s Witness (1870s) • restoration of first-century Christianity • Charles Taze Russell 5. Christian Science (1870s) • emphasizes physical healing through prayer and recognition of the nonexistence of matter and illness • Mary Baker Eddy
Third Great Awakening 6. Social Darwinism • the idea that white civilization and Christianity is superior to those around the world through imperialism • Justification of colonialism 7. Immigration • “New Immigration” from Southeastern Europe – Brought European religions such as Orthodox Christianity, Judaism, and Catholicism.
• Chinese came to California in search of jobs – Chinese Exclusion Act of 1881
Fundamentalism and Modernism 1. Eighteenth Amendment and Volstead Act • The 18th Amendment banned alcohol because it corrupted morals – The Prohibition – Speak-easies emerged. It led to a period of high indulgence.
• The Volstead Act enacted the Prohibition.
2. Scopes “Monkey” Trial (1925) • Scopes was tried in court for teaching evolution in class. – Found guilty.
• Nonetheless, demonstrated to society the growing influence of religion.
Fundamentalism and Modernism 3. Rebellion to conservatism • Roaring 20s and speak-easies – People were free and more liberal. Women bobbed their hair and wore shorter dresses. – Religion and faith less important to the new generation.
4. Religious conservatives associated mostly with the Republican Party • Most of the conservatives were part of the Republican Party.
Conservatism in 1950s and Liberalism in 1960s 1. McCarthyism and Second Red Scare led to growing association to Christianity • Christian America vs. Atheist Soviet Union. – People feared that being an atheist might get them labeled as a “commi.”
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“God” was added to currency in several phrases
2. Increased education in the 1950s allowed for more individual belief in Christianity • Growth in education allowed people to pray for themselves without the need of a professional preacher. – Growth in personal piety
Conservatism in 1950s and Liberalism in 1960s 3. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957) • It was an African-American civil rights organization that had a large role in the Civil Rights Movement. • Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. 4. Engel v. Vitale (1962) • Supreme Court ruled that schools cannot force daily prayer. • Radical Earl Warren court
Conservatism in 1950s and Liberalism in 1960s 5. Beatniks and Hippies as Counterculture • They had loose moral – Feeling of openness and freedom.
• Sexual revolution and promiscuity • Responding to conservatism, conformity, and establishment – These groups were highly liberal.
Religious Right 1. Lemon v. Kurtzman • Funding which went to some Penn. Schools, which were mostly Catholic, was unconstitutional. • “Lemon Test” – Laws must have a secular purpose, must not neither advance nor detract from religion, and must not result in excessive entanglements
2. Roe v. Wade • Legalized abortion under the claim of privacy and the 14th Amendment. • Went against Christian ideal of all life being sacred • Resulted in pro-choice and pro-life camps
Religious Right 3. Conservative Resurgence • 1980s movement which resulted as a grassroots- based response to the liberalism of 1960s and 1970s. – The people argued for a return to family values and tradition. (ex. Church on Sundays, stay-athome mother) – They were against women’s liberation, gay rights, and abortion.
Religious Right • Evangelicalism and “born again” fundamentalism as voting bloc – Jerry Falwell founded the Moral Majority – Pat Robertson founded the Christian Coalition
• Religious Right of the Republican Party – The Republican Party has been generally associated with conservatism and resurgence in Christianity.
Work Cited 1. Bailey, Thomas Andrew, David M. Kennedy, and Lizabeth Cohen. The American Pageant. 13th Edition ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006. Print. 2. "The Threat of Communism, Fascism, and Socialism." 1920-30.com. 1920's Politics, n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2013. . 3. US Const. amend. I. Print.
